US Geological Survey Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, Monographs
US Geological Survey Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, Monographs XXIII by Raphael Pumpelly, JE Wolff & T Nelson Dale
Hard Cover Includes
206 pages with figures, plates & foldouts - some in color, mots black & white
Copyright 1894
CONTENTS
Letter of transmittal XI
Preface XIII
PART I.-GEOLOGY OF THE GREEN MOUNTAINS IN MASSACHUSETTS, BY RAPHAEL PUMPELLY.
General description 5
Age and structure 7
Correlation 9
PART II.-THE GEOLOGY OF HOOSAC MOUNTAIN AND ADJACENT TERRITORY, BY J. E. WOLFF.
Introduction 41
Topographic work 41
Topography 41
Description of rocks of Hoosac mountain 44
The Stamford gneiss 45
The Vermont formation 48
The Hoosac schist 59
The Stockbridge limestone 64
Amphibolites 65
Geology 69
The Hoosac tunnel 69
The region embracing the central part of Hoosic mountain 72
The northern and eastern schist area 86
The region south of Cheshire and of the Hoosic valley 88
Hoosic valley schist 97
The region around Clarksburg mountain and Stamford, Vermont98
General conclusions 102
PART III.-MOUNT GREYLOCK: ITS AREAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, BY T. NELSON DALE.
Outline of this paper 125
Historic 131
Physiographic 133
Structural 136
Types of structure 138
Correlation of cleavage and stratification 155
Pitch 157
Structural principles 157
Structural transverse sections 158
Longitutional sections 175
R, structural 177
Lithologic stratigraphy 179
Petrography 181
Areal and structural 191
Relation of geology to topography 192
Appendix A: Stone hill near Williamstown 197
Appendix B: New Ashford 202
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE I. Map of Greylock and Hoosac mountains Frontispiece.
II. General map showing the relation of the Greylock series to the Hoosac mountain rocks 10
III. Structural relations of the Hoosac series 14
IV. Detailed map of western crest and slope, Hoosac mountain 40
V. Geologic profiles, Hoosac mountain70
VI. Geologic profiles, generalized, Hoosac mountain 80
VII. Thin sections, white gneiss 110
VIII. Thin sections, white gneiss and albite schist 112
IX. Thin sections, diorite and amphibolite. 114
X. Thin sections, quartzite conglomerate and crumpled metamorphic conglomerate 116
XI. a View north over crest of Hoosac mountain 118
XI. b Profile of Hoosac mountain from Spruce hill south, looking west 118
XII. Mount Greylock, eastern side 130
XIII. Mount Greylock, western side 132
XIV. Southern summit of Mount Greylock 134
XV. Southern side of Mount Greylock 136
XVI. Southern end of Ragged mountain 160
XVII. The north-south part of Hopper 192
XVIII. Greylock sections, A, B, C, D
XIX. Greylock sections, E, F
XX. Greylock sections, G, H, I
XXI. Greylock sections, J, K, L, M
XXII. Greylock sections, N, O
XXIII. Greylock longitudinal sections, P, Q, R
FIG. 1. The Stamford dike, showing the Cambrian conglomerate deposited in dike fissure 11
2. The Stamford dike, plan 11
3. Correlated columns of the Hoosac and Greylock rocks 13
4. Anticlinal arch across Hoosic river between North Adams and Briggsville 15
5. Ideal section east of Cheshire, showing lateral transition of limestone to schist 17
6. Diagram of structure, summit of the Buttress 22
7. Crumpled structure in albite-schist 23
8. Map showing the varying character of Cambrian rocks around the Hoosac core 31
9. View from Hoosac mountain 42
10. Profile of Hoosac mountain (western crest) 43
11. Profile of Hoosac mountain ( western slope) 44
12. Granitoid gneiss45
13. Metamorphic conglomerate showing crushing 48
14. Metamorphic conglomerate, showing shape of pebbles 49
15. Metamorphic conglomerate; flattened pebbles 50
16. Metamorphic conglomerate; round and flat pebbles 51
17. Metamorphic conglomerate, banded variety 53
18. Metamorphic conglomerate, typical 55
19. Metamorphic conglomerate, showing large pebbles 57
20. Conglomerate; cliff 58
21. Albite-schist, Hoosac schist 59
22. Albite-schist, Hoosac schist 61
23. Albite-schist, Hoosac schist 62
24. Mount Holly amphibolite 65
25. Mount Holly amphibolite 66
26. Mount Holly crumpled amphibolite 67
27. Contact of granitoid gneiss and metamorphic conglomerate 73
28. Contact of granitoid gneiss and quartzite, Stamford dike, looking north 100
29. Contact of granitoid gneiss and quartzite, Stamford dike, looking east 101
30. Northwestern side, Mount Greylock 136
31. Albitic sericite-schist in contact with limestone 138
32. Sericite schist with two foliations, in contact with limestone 139
33. Sericite schist; specimen with two foliations 139
34. Thin section illustrating origin of cleavage 140
35. Sketch of ledge south of Sugarloaf, showing cleavage in both limestone and schist 140
36. Limestone block with cleavage; Sugarloaf 141
37. Limestone ledge with cleavage; east of Sugarloaf 141
38. Weathered limestone from East mountain 142
39. Polished surface of limestone shown in Fig. 38. 142
40. Weathered limestone with mica in cleavage planes 143
41. Specimen of sericite-schist showing stratification and cleavage, Bald mountain 144
42. Specimen of sericite-schist showing only cleavage, Symonds peak 144
43. Section of specimen shown in Fig. 42 145
44. Section of specimen of sericite-schist, top of Mount Greylock 145
45. Microscopic drawing of sericite-schist, top of East mountain 146
46. Specimen of sericite-schist, one-fourth mile south of Mount Greylock 147
47. Diagrams showing relation of quartz lamina? to cleavage 148
48. Ledge of sericite-schist, junction of Gulf and Ashford brooks.. 148
49. Part of ledge shown in Fig. 48 149
50. Section of sericite-schist with quartz laminza; from Goodell hollow 150
51. Ledge of mica-schist in Readsboro, Vermont, with quartz in both foliations 151
52. Sericite-schist with two cleavages, Goodell hollow 152
53. Section of sericite-schist, one-fourth mile south of Greylock summit 153
54. Sericite-schist, one-fourth mile southwest of Greylock summit 154
55. Diagram showing fault between schist and limestone 154
56. Section of sericite-schist, Bald mountain spur 155
57. Diagram showing relation of cleavage to stratification 156
58. Diagram showing relation of cleavage to stratification 156
59. Quartz lamina in schist, west side of Deer hill 157
60. Minor pitching limestone folds 157
61. Cross-section G 160
62. Section of syncline at south end of Ragged mountain 161
63. Cross-section H 166
64. Cross-section I 166
65. Cross-sections A, B 169
66. Cross-section F 171
67. Cross-sections J, K, L. 172
68. Structure in schist, south side of Saddle Ball 173
69. Cross-sections M, N, 0 173
70. Structure in schist, west of Cheshire reservoir 174
71. Longitudinal sections P, Q, R 175
72. Continuity of the folds on the Greylock sections. 178
73. Albitic sericite-schist: typical Greylock schist 188
74. Outline sketch of Round rocks 194
75. Sketch of Greylock mass from southwest 195
76. Cross-sections S, T, U. Stone hill 198
77. Sketch of protruding limestone anticline, New Ashford 202
78. Diagram map of Quarry hill, New Ashford 202
79. Cross-section of Quarry hill, New Ashford 203
CONTENTS
General description 5
Age and structure 7
Correlation 9
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PL. I. Map of Greylock and Hoosac Mountains Frontispiece.
II. General map showing relation of the Greylock series to the Hoosac mountain rocks....10
III. Structural relations of the Hoosac series 14
FIG. 1. The Stamford dike, showing Cambrian conglomerate deposited in dike fissure 11
2. The Stamford dike, plan 11
3. Correlated columns of the Hoosac and Greylock rocks 13
4. Anticlinal arch across Hoosic river between North Adams and Briggsville 15
5. Ideal section east of Cheshire, showing lateral transition of limestone to schist 17
6. Diagram of structure, summit of the buttress 22
7. Crumpled structure in albite-schist 23
8. Map showing the varying character of Cambrian rocks around the Hoosac core 31
PREFACE
The following memoir "is the result of the fieldwork of the Archean Division of the U. S. Geological Survey in northwestern Massachusetts, during the years 1885, 1886, and 1887.
The conclusions put forth were all arrived at before 1888, but the publication of them was delayed until they should be either confirmed or corrected by the results of further study in southwestern Massachusetts and in central Vermont.
The progress of our survey of western New England has fully confirmed our interpretation of the facts observed in the Hoosac mountain and Greylock area. It has been our. intention to keep wholly clear of the Taconic controversy, and to confine our efforts to accurate study and interpretation of structure. In the first part I have given a statement of the sequence and bearing of the results and have advanced some theoretical views in explanation of the sudden disappearance of the Lower Silurian limestone against the western base of the Green mountain anticline. I have also advanced a hypothesis, supported by observation in the northern and southern Appalachians, to explain (through the presence of a previously deeply disintegrated land surface) the apparent conformable transition between Archean or pre-Cambrian gneisses and Cambrian quartzite. This almost insuperable difficulty is met with in many of the great crystalline areas of the world, in passing from Archean or eruptive masses to the elastic crystalline schists.
The second part treats of Hoosac mountain-the central or crystalline range of the Green mountains. The field work was performed by Dr. J. E. Wolff, Mr. B. T. Putnam, and myself. The analysis of the results, the petrographic study, and the presentation are by Dr. Wolff. Mr. Putnam had contributed largely to the sum of the work. His early death in 1886 deprived the Survey of one of its most accurate and thoughtful geologists.
The third part deals with the Greylock synclinorium-made up of the Cambrian-Silurian quartzite, limestones, and schists, which are the offshore time equivalents of the white gneisses and schists of Hoosac mountain. The field work was done by Mr. T. Nelson Dale, assisted in part of the area by Mr. William H. Hobbs. The analysis of the results and the presentation are by Mr. Dale.
As during the first two years we had not yet the benefit of the new topographic map of Massachusetts, our work was delayed by the necessity of making our own maps. This was done in part by Messrs. Putnam and Wolff, assisted by Mr. Yocum. Later, Mr. Josiah Pierce made a detailed topographic survey of the western flank of Hoosac mountain which forms the. geographic basis of Pl.
Mr. C. L. Whittle was also connected with the work under Dr. Wolff during the season of 1887.
Mr. William H. Hobbs acted as assistant to Mr. Dale during one season and a part of another in the work on Greylock and was engaged independently during the rest of the second season on the coloring of the northwestern part of the Greylock sheet.
I have mentioned in its proper place the fact that we owe to Mr. C. D. Walcott the determination of the age .of our basal quartzite.
R. P.
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