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Safety and Automatic Train Control for Rail Rapid Transit Systems Preliminary
Safety and Automatic Train Control for Rail Rapid Transit Systems
Safety and Automatic Train Control for Rail Rapid Transit Systems Preliminary
By:
R.J. Pawlak, A.M. Colella, N. Knable, R.H. Robichaud, E.D. Sussman
Soft Cover
261 pages?
Copyright 1973
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS 2-1
2.1 General Description of a Rail Rapid Transit
System 2-1
2.1.1 Track Network 2-1
2.1.2 Vehicles 2-2
2.1.3 Stations 2-2
2.1.4 Control System 2-3
2.1.5 Personnel 2-4
2.2 Operational Requirements 2-5
2.3 Train Control System Safety Requirements 2-6
2.4 Why Automate the Train Control Function 2-10
3.AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL (ATC) SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL
REQUIREMENTS 3-1
3.1 Automatic Train Protection (ATP) 3-1
3.1.1 Train and Track Surveillance 3-1
3.1.2 Train Separation and Interlocking 3-2
3.1.3 Train Overspeed Protection 3-2
3.2 Automatic Train Operation (ATO) 3-3
3.2.1 Train Velocity Regulation 3-4
3.2.2 Programmed Stopping 3-4
3.2.3 Door Control and Starting 3-5
3.3 Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) 3-6
3.3.1 Train Schedule Design and Operational
Implementation 3-6
3.3.2 Yard Train Control 3-7
3.3.3 Automatic Train Control System
Maintenance 3-8
3.3.4 Overall System Maintenance 3-8
SectionPage
3.4Communication System (CS) 3-9
3.4.1 Normal System Operation Communications 3-9
3.4.2 Emergency Communications 3-10
4.COMPARISON AND PROBLEMS OF EXISTING TRAIN CONTROL
SYSTEMS 4-1
4.1 Comparison of Existing Train Control Systems 4-1 4.2 Problems with Existing Train Control Systems 4-3
4.2.1 Train and Track Surveillance Problems 4-3 4.2.2 Train Separation and Interlocking.... 4-5 4.2.3 Train Overspeed Protection and Train
Velocity Regulation 4-6
4.2.4 Programmed Stopping 4-7
4.2.5 Door Control and Starting 4-8
5.FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR 5-1
5.1 Critical Behaviors Required of the Operator 5-1
5.2 Train and Track Surveillance 5-2
5.2.1 Right-of-Way Surveillance 5-2
5.2.2 Surveillance of Other Trains 5-4 5.2.3 Surveillance of the Condition of the
Operator's Train 5-4
5.3 Train Separation and Interlocking 5-4
5.4 Train Overspeed Protection 5-5
5.5 Automatic Train Operation 5-5
5.5.1 Automatic Velocity Regulation 5-5
5.5.2 Programmed Stopping 5-6
5.6 Door Operations 5-6
5.7 On-Board Emergencies 5-7
5.8 On-Board Maintenance 5-7
5.9 Determining the Necessity for the Use of
Automatic Train Operation 5-8
SectionPage
6.CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN: REQUIREMENTS, METHODOLOGY,
AND VERIFICATION6-1
6.1 Control System Design Requirements6-1
6.2 Control System Design Methodology6-5
6.3 Control System Design Verification6-9
7.POTENTIAL MECHANIZATIONS FOR FUTURE AUTOMATIC
TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS7-1
7.1 Automatic Train Control System Representation7-4
7.2 Automatic Train Control System Implementa-
tional Constraints7-7
7.3 Candidate Systems for Further Analysis7-8
8.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS8-1
8.1 Conclusions8-1
8.1.1 Insufficient Safety Criteria to Assess Automatic Train Control System Designs.8-1 8.1.2 Fail-Safe Criterion Inadequate by
Itself8-1 8.1.3 Need Overall System Safety Assurance
Plan8-2 8.1.4 Need Continuous Record and Analysis of Incidents, Accidents, Failures, Main-
tenance, and Availability Data8-2 8.1.5 Automatic Train Protection Function
Should be Fully Automated8-2 8.1.6 Automatic Train and Track Surveillance
Systems Need More Development8-2 8.1.7 Need Train Operator for Visual Sur-
veillance Protection of Right-of-Way8-3 8.1.8 Degree of Train Operation Automation
Still Quite Variable8-3 8.1.9 Visual Surveillance of Door Opera-
tions is a Necessity8-3
8.1.10 Properly Designed Cab8-3
8.1.11 Automated Train Supervision Functions
Need Human Enhancement and Manual
Backup8-4
SectionPage
8.1.12 Integration of Automated Ancillary Functions with Automatic Train
Control Shows Promise 8-4 8.1.13 Automatic Train Control Expertise
Important Part of Early System Plan-
ning Process 8-4 8.1.14 Need More Documentation Supporting
New System Design Decisions 8-4 8.1.15 Fully Automatic Train Control Systems
Compatible with Safety 8-5
8.1.16 Need Fuller Utilization of Design,
System Integration, Test, and Rework
Experience from Other Fields 8-5
8.2 Recommendations 8-5
8.2.1 Develop Safety Criteria, Standards,
and Procedures 8-5
8.2.2 Develop Overall System Safety
Assurance Plans 8-5 8.2.3 Develop a Safety Certification Process 8-6 8.2.4 Collect and Analyze Incident and
Accident Data 8-6 8.2.5 Collect and Analyze Failure, Main-
tenance, Reliability, and Availability
Data 8-6 8.2.6 Develop More Continuous and More
Reliable Surveillance Systems 8-6
8.2.7 Develop Alternatives for More
Effective Right-of-Way Protection 8-6 8.2.8 Develop Alternatives for More
Effective Door Operation Surveillance. 8-7 8.2.9 Follow Human Factors Design
Principles for Cab Design 8-7 8.2.10 Develop Techniques to Determine
Optimum Operator Involvement 8-7 8.2.11 Analyze Automation of Train Super-
vision Functions Further 8-7 8.2.12 Further Development of Automated
Ancillary Functions 8-8
8.2.13 Include Safety and Automatic Train
Control Expertise in Early System
Planning 8-8 8.2.14 Provide Sufficient Resources for
Automatic Train Control 8-8 8.2.15 Require Documentation and Analysis
in Support of Design Decisions 8-8
SectionPage
8.2.16 Develop Better Contract Management,
Testing, and Rework Mechanisms 8-8
8.3 Discussion 8-9
8.3.1 Safety Criteria 8-9
8.3.2 Fail-Safe Criterion 8-9
8.3.3 Overall System Safety Assurance
Program Plan 8-11
8.3.4 Safety Certification Process 8-12
8.3.5 Incident and Accident Data 8-13 8.3.6 Failure, Maintenance, Reliability, and
Availability Data 8-15
8.3.7 Surveillance Systems 8-15
8.3.8 Right-of-Way Protection 8-16 8.3.9 Train Operator Enhancement of Auto-
matic Train Operations 8-17
8.3.10 Door Operation Surveillance 8-18
8.3.11 Train Operator Cab Design 8-18
8.3.12 Optimum Operator Involvement 8-19
8.3.13 Train Supervision Functions 8-19
8.3.14 Automated Ancillary Functions 8-21 8.3.15 Safety and Automatic Control Expertise
in Early System Planning 8-21 8.3.16 Sufficient Resources for Automatic
Train Control 8-23 8.3.17 Documentation and Analysis Support of
Design Decisions 8-24 8.3.18 Automatic Train Control Compatible
with Safety 8-26 8.3.19 Better Contract Management, System Integration, Testing, and Rework
Mechanisms 8-27
APPENDIX ASummary Characteristics of Existing and
Proposed Rail Rapid Transit Systems A-1
APPENDIX BSurveillance and Communications for Rail
Rapid Transit Systems B-1
APPENDIX CAutomatic Train Control System Safety
Criteria, Availability, and Reliability C-1
APPENDIX DApplications of Hierarchical Control
Concepts to Automatic Train Control D-1
APPENDIX EChronology of Technical Contacts E-1
APPENDIX FReferences F-1
Also has List of Illustrations and Tables
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