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Railway Traffic by Edwin J Clapp Modern Business V14 1917
Railway Traffic by Edwin J Clapp
Modern Business Vol 14
Soft Cover Leatherette?
309 pages Indexed A couple foldout pages
Copyright 1917
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I RAILROADS AND THE SHIPPING PUBLIC
1. Easy Transportation a Factor in Prosperity .1
2. Importance of Railroads in Modern Life . .3
3. Transportation Rates and Foreign Competition 5
4. Public Aspect of the Railroad Business . . .6
5. Necessity for Government Regulation of Railway Rates 7
6. Public Regulation in the United States . . 10
7. Government Regulation Versus Government Ownership 11
8. Prerequisites for Efficient Government Operation 13
9. Burdens Imposed by Regulation 15
CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF OUR RAILROAD SYSTEM
1. Factors Which Influenced Railroad Development 17
2. Colonial Trade and Transportation . .. 17
3. Early Internal Development 18
4. Development of Roads and Natural Waterways 19
5. The Erie Canal 20
6. Early Attitude Toward Railroads . . 23
7. Competition Between Railroads and Waterways 24
8. Stephenson's Engine ........25
9. Early History of American Railroads . . . 26
10. Railroad Construction Since the Civil War . . 27
11. Government Aid to Railroads 27
12. Development in the Middle West and Southwest 29
13. Recent Construction 30
14. The Big Consolidations 32
15. Reasons for Consolidation 36
16. Dissolution of the Consolidations. 37
17. Comparative Condition of the Roads . . 38
CHAPTER III RAILROAD RATES
1. Basis of Fixing Railroad Rates 42
2. Difficulty in Determining Cost of Service . 44
3. What Really Decides Method of Rate-Fixing 47
4. Advantages of Charging What the Traffic Will Bear 48
5. Illustrations of Principle of What the Traffic Will Bear 50
6. Long and Short Routes 53
7. The "Long-and-Short-Haul" Clause . . 54
8. Effect of Water Competition on Rates . . 56
9. Opinion of the Interstate Commerce Commission 57
CHAPTER IV RAILROAD RATES (Continued)
1. Relation of Rates to Capitalization .. 60
2. Relation of Rates to Cost of Service .... 62
3. Relation of Rates to Distance ..... 64
4. Method of Calculating Rates in the United States 67
CHAPTER V CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Place of Classification in Rate-Making 71
2. Origin of Classifications 72
3. Necessity for Combining Classifications .73
4. Present Machinery of Classification .. 73
5. Basis of Classification75
6. Analysis of Classifications 76
7. Exceptions to Classifications 77
8. Commodity Rates 78
9. C. L. and L. C. L. Rates 79
10. Why the Roads Can Make C. L. Rates . . 81
11. Relation of C. L. Rates to Competition . 82
12 Mixed Carloads 85
13. Attempts at Uniform Classification .. 86
CHAPTER VI RATES IN OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION AND SOUTHEASTERN TERRITORY
1. Importance of Studying Specific Examples of Rate Structure90
2. Percentage System 91
3. Operation of the Percentage System . . . 92
4. Factors Which Modified the Percentage System 93
5. Value of the Percentage System 94
6. New England Rates 95
7. Rates to and from Baltimore and Philadelphia 97
8. Differential Routes in Trunk Line Territory 98
9. Basing Point System in Southeast . . . 100
10. How the Basing Point System Developed . 100
11. Operation of the Basing Point System . 102
12. Water and Rail Competition 102
13. Competition of All-Rail with Rail-and-Ocean Routes 104
14. Variations in Class Rates ...... 105
15. Violations of the Long-and-Short-Haul Clause 106
16. Decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission on the Basing Point System 106
CHAPTER VII TRANSCONTINENTAL RATES AND THE PANAMA CANAL
1. Effect of Water Competition on Transcontinental Rates 109
2. Effect of Water Competition on Rates to Western Interior Points 110
3. Position of the Middle West 112
4. Zone System of the Commission 113
5. Comparative Transcontinental Routes . . 114
6. Complications Caused by the Intermountain Situation 116
7. Commission Decision on Intermountain Situation 117
8. Effect of Commission Decisions .. . . . 118
9. Progress in Rate-Making Since the Opening of the Panama Canal 119
CHAPTER VIII EXPORT AND IMPORT RATES
1. Basis for Lower Export Rail Rates . .. 126
2. Effect of Low Import Rates 128
3. Origin of Present Import Rate Structure . . 129
4. Rate War of 1880 ........ 130
5. Result of Rate War in 1880 131
6. Effects of New Competition Among Seaports . 133
7. Effect of Rate War of 1898 134
8. Railroads Break Differential Structure .. 135
9. Ex-Lake Grain Rates 137
10. Progress in Differential Structure Since 1905 . 139
CHAPTER IXEXPORT AND IMPORT RATES (Continued)
1. Controversy Over Boston Import Rates . . . 142
2. Typical Cases of Import Differentials . . . 144
3. Export Rates from the Middle West .. 145
4. Effects of System of Differential Rates . . . 146
5. Aid Given Export Trade by Railroads . . . 150
6. Oriental Trade and the Great Northern . . 150
7. Hepburn Act 152
8. Effect of the Hepburn Act 153
CHAPTER X SPECIAL SERVICES AND CHARGES
1. Value of High-Grade Service 155
2. Service of Symbol and Tonnage Trains . 155
3. Fast Freight Service to the West . . 156
4. Thru L. C. L. Cars 157
5. Origin and Development of Fast Freight Service 159
6. Use of Refrigerator Cars 160
7. Reconsignment Privilege 162
8. Milling-in-Transit 164
9. Terminal or Junction Switching Services . 167
10. Charges for Switching Services 168
11. Interline Terminal Switching 169
12. Use of Trap Cars 171
13. Chicago Reciprocal Tariffs 172
14. Use of Lighterage Facilities 172
15. "Store-door Delivery" 174
CHAPTER XI SPECIAL SERVICES AND CHARGES (Continued)
1. Elevator Service Rendered by Railroads . . 176
2. Charges for Elevator Service ..... 177
3. Advantages of Shipping Grain Via New York . 179
4. Demurrage and Track Storage Charges .. 181
5. Belt Lines-Industrial Type 183
6. Detour Belt Lines 184
7. Water-Front Belt Lines 184
8. Industrial Railroads 185
9. Tap Lines 188
10. Opinions of the Supreme Court on Tap Lines and Industrial Railroads 190
11. Commission Reversed by Supreme Court . . 193
CHAPTER XII TERMINAL SERVICES AND CHARGES IN NEW YORK
1. Extent of New York's Shipping District .. 195
2. Rate Competition at New York Terminals . . 196
3. Lighterage Facilities ........ 197
4. Rates Enjoyed by New England Carriers . . 199
5. Necessity for Owning Railroad Piers .. 199
6. Advantages of Docking in Manhattan .. 200
7. Lighterage on Export and Import Freight . . 202
8. Agencies for Handling Freight 204
9. Origin of the Bush Terminal 205
10. Services Rendered by the Bush Terminal . 207
CHAPTER XIII EXPRESS AND PARCEL POST
1. Extent of the Express Business 211
2. Relation of the Express Company to the Railroad 212
3. Express Company Organization 213
4. Services Other than Transportation Performed by Express Companies 213
5. Express Business Brought Under the Control of the Interstate Commerce Commission . . . 214
6. Express Rate Revision 215
7. Effect of Regulation of Express Rates . . 218
8. Plan of the Parcel Post System . . . . . 222
9. Development of the Parcel Post System .. 223
10. Parcel Post System in Practice . .. 224
CHAPTER XIV THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT
1. Origin of Railroad Regulation 228
2. State Railroad Commissions 229
3. Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission 230
4. Summary of the Act to Regulate Commerce . . 230
5. Limited Powers Granted the Commission . . 232
6. Elkins Act 235
7. Hepburn Act237
8. Mann-Elkins Act 239
9. Modifications Effected by the Panama Canal Act 242
CHAPTER XV THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT (Continued)
1. Prevention of Discriminatory Rates . .. 245
2. Typical Cases of Discrimination . . . . 246
3. Importance of Allowing the Commission to Suspend Rates 248
4. Relation of the Commission to the Courts . 950
5. Creation and Abolition of the Commerce Court 251
6. Acts Which Supplement the Act to Regulate Commerce 252
7. State Regulative Legislation 252
8. Rulings of the Commission 253
9. Special and Informal Dockets .. . 254
10. Conflict of State with Federal Legislations . 255
CHAPTER XVI INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION
1. Water Transportation. Undeveloped in the United States 261
2. Traffic on the Great Lakes 261
3. Lake Grain Routes 262
4. Traffic in Iron Ore264
5. Relation of Rates on Grain and Ore . . . 266
6. Absorption of Independent Boat Lines by the Railroads 267
7. Operating of Boat Lines by Railroads Stopped by Commission 268
8. Traffic on the Erie Canal 268
9. Contemplated Use of the Barge Canal . . 269
10. Traffic on the Mississippi 271
11. Rhine and Mississippi Rivers Compared . 272
12. Obsolete Types of Boats and Port Equipment 273
13. Transportation of Coal 274
14. Rail and Water Rates in Mississippi Territory 275
CHAPTER XVII COASTWISE TRANSPORTATION
1. Advantage of Coastwise Transportation . . . 277
2. Limitations to the Use of Water Transportation 278
3. Importance of Coastwise Connections for Seaboard Cities 279
4. Commodities Shipped by Water 280
5. Relation of Railroads to Coastwise Lines . 281
6. Chief Coastwise Lines 283
7. Water Rates 284
8. Water Rate Structure to the Southwest . . 287
9. Advantages in Rates to New York Shippers . 288
CHAPTER XVIII COORDINATING RAIL AND WATER TRANSPORTATION
1. How to Revive Water Transportation in the United States 291
2. Origin of the Sound Lines 294
3. Advantage of Railroad-Owned Water Routes 296
4. Disadvantages of Independent Boat Lines on the Sound 297
5. No Healthy Competition . . . . . . 298
6. Power in the Hands of the Commission . . 298
7. Problem to Be Solved by Coordination of Rail and Water Lines 300
PREFACE
This book attempts to tell the man who buys railroad transportation the things that he should know about railroads, their rates, their services, and their place in the general scheme of business. The space limits imposed preclude a discussion of railroad organization. In this country the railroads have attained the highest development in the science of organizing and managing with efficiency great masses of men-many of them constantly in motion-over whom personal supervision by the heads of the companies is not possible.
This book is not intended as a handbook for traf-detail of packing, routing, shipping documents or shipping records. The financing of railroads, the investment status of railroad securities, the question of government ownership vs. private ownership, are all treated in other Texts of this Course.
In certain portions of this Text, particularly the two chapters on export and import rates, I have drawn freely upon my book, "The Port of Boston," published in 1916 by the Yale University Press. Acknowledgment thereof is herewith made. Among those who have been helpful in criticism and revision of the manuscript, I must mention in particular Mr. Walter Moore, Assistant General Freight Agent of New York Central Railroad.
EDWIN J. CLAPP. University Heights, New York.
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