Pullman an experiment in industrial order and community planning 1880-1930 Buder

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I. THE PULLMAN SYSTEM

1. Development and Promotion of the Sleeping Car 3 z. Pullman's Palace Car Company, 1867-80 15

3..George M. Pullman and the Social Problems of His Time z8
1..Industrial Expansion and a Planned Community 38

II. THE MODEL TOWN, 188o-93

2..Physical Planning of Town and Factory 49
3.Physical Planning and Social Control 6o
4.Social Characteristics of Workers and Residents 77
5..Public Opinion and the Town 92

III. THE COMMUNITY AND THE COMPANY

9. Democratic Government and the Business Ethic 107 10, Company Community and City Satellite 118 Innovation and Employee Dissatisfaction 131

IV. IMPACT OF STRIKE AND BOYCOTT ON THE COMMUNITY

12..The Walkout 147
1..The Conduct of the Strike i68
2.The Boycott, Federal Intervention, and Public Opinion 178
3.Community Tension and the Strike's Collapse 190

V. FROM MODEL TOWN TO URBAN COMMUNITY,

1894-1930

4..The Separation of Factory and Town 205
5.The Loss of Community Identity 217 Conclusion 228

Note on Sources 233

PREFACE

Notes 235 Index 257French observers at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, wanting to convey their awe at the exhibited American prod, described them as "Pullman car style." By perfecting and promoting the sleeping car, George M. Pullman ( 1831-1897 ) revorail travel and built a prosperous company. His name entered several languages as a near synonym for luxury and com, and both here and abroad it became a byword for American business genius. Asked the secret of his success, he usually referred to the "Pullman system."

Like other nineteenth-century entrepreneurs, Pullman was obwith the need for system. Through attention to account book and workshop, he strove to develop uniformity in production, de, and service. In addition, he sought ways to keep his product before the public. Part inventor and businessman, part promoter and financier, Pullman's versatility gave birth to a system which was not only a way of getting things done, but also a technique to attract favorable attention. His work was successfully identified with science and social progress. The beauty and elegance of the sleeping car became a visible symbol of the material promise of American industry and ingenuity.

Though a naturally reticent man, Pullman was always eager to talk about his system. On first consideration, however, it appears little more than disappointing generalities: a confident assertion that businessmen must search for order and control through innoand expansion. But this is only because his ideas are now common knowledge and matter of fact. In its application the Pullsystem was new and impressive if not always successful.

This system was given dramatic setting in a model town built in 1880 to prove its validity for community as well as factory. Pullwished to demonstrate that American industry could plan and construct a town which would solve the social problems of the time by providing adequate housing for workers and thus entheir development of proper middle-class standards. At a distance from Chicago, the model town was to be both the com"showplace" and the solution to its labor problems.

Long dismissed as mere paternalism, Pullman's town was actuhis effort at employing a business system for public as well as personal ends. He hoped to show that industrialization need not lead to social disintegration and that the chaotic concentration of men and machinery in unmanageable urban neighborhoods could be reversed by the planned order of an industrial community. The model town was an experiment in reform, but one placed in a busicontext and intended to illustrate that social reform and good business practices were complementary. This, then, is a study of George Pullman and the application of his system to factory and town.

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