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Passenger Transportation by Martin T Farris & Forrest E Harding Hard cover
Passenger Transportation BY Martin T Farris & Forrest E Harding Hard cover. 290 pages. Copyright 1976 EX library book.
Contents
Preface xi
1The Importance Of Passenger Transportation
Additional Readings, 11
PART ONE
SYSTEMS OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
2Economic And Physical Systems17
Various Economic and Physical Meanings of the Term "System", 19 The Performance of the Passenger Transportation System, 20 Components of the Passenger Transportation System, 31
Summary of Physical and Economic Characteristics
of the Passenger Transportation System, 59
Additional Readings, 60
3Pricing Systems63
Demand Characteristics, 66 Supply Characteristics, 79 Market Structure, 90
The Pricing Decision, 95 Additional Readings, 101
viiiContents
4Regulatory Systems103
Goals of Regulation, 106 Economic Regulation, 107
Regulation of the Physical Aspect of Transportation, 122 Regulation By Social Policy, 126
Agencies of Control, 132
Summary of Transportation Regulatory Systems, 142
Additional Readings, 142
PART TWO
PROBLEMS OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
5The Marketing Of Passenger Transportation Services
The Role of Marketing in Passenger Transportation, 153 The Influence of Marketing On Supply and Demand, 154 The Marketing Process: A Framework of Analysis, 157 Summary on Marketing, 183
Additional Readings, 183
6Urban Transportation185
The Growth of the United States as an Urban Society, 188 The Transportation of People in an Urban Environment, 194 The Mass Transit Alternative, 200
The Bicycle Alternative, 205
The Need for Regional Planning, 207
Urban Transportation Outlook, 208
Summary on Urban Transportation, 215
Additional Readings, 215
7Passenger Transportation:
The Social Benefits and the Social Costs217
Social Costs and Social Benefits Overview, 219
Noise: A Social Cost of Passenger Transportation, 222
Social Responsibility: Measurement and Implementation, 229 Summary on Social Benefits and Social Costs, 233
Additional Readings, 233
8Policy Problems235
Current Policy Approach, 238 Future Policy Approach, 248 Additional Readings, 252
PART THREE
THE FUTURE OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
9Managing Change And The Future259
The External Environment and the Management of Change, 262 The Management of Change: Implications for
Carriers and Decision Makers, 271
Passenger Transportation and the Future, 274 Summary on Managing Change and the Future, 278 Additional Readings, 278
Index280
Preface
Society suffers from many problems. A considerable number of these problems share one common characteristic: the movement of people. Passenger transportation probably affects more parts of society than does any other single problem. It is an important part of urban problems, national problems, and international problems.
For example, there are these considerations:
transportation problem of the nation and affects in some way nearly all aspects of transportation in general. To illustrate this point we would cite: the coming of AMTRAK and its attempts to solve intercity-rail passenger transportation problems; the dilemma of urban transportation, with buses, the private automobile, parking difficulties, subways and transit problems; attempts to update transportation systems with acts providing for urban mass transit aid, highway aid, and airport/airway improvement legislation; the problem of the intercity transportation interface with urban transportation; the problem of airline fares and earnings coupled with performance problems resulting in delays and passenger frustrations; the decline of ocean passenger transportation, subsidization of ships, and the lack of maritime policy.
ecological problem. Air pollution, noise pollution, highway and street congestion, airway congestion, and water pollution are directly or indirectly related to the movement of people.
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3..Passenger transportation is an important part of the sociological problems of society. Mobility-or the lack of it-affects social groups; interaction between groups is in direct ratio to the means of transporting people; the character and structure of neighborhoods and regions are affected by the quality of transportation.
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1..Passenger transportation is an integral part of the energy
crisis, with transportation consuming over 53 percent of all petroleum sources of energy domestically and 24 percent of total energy from all sources going into transportation.
planning and urban-regional development. At the same time, it is one of the prime candidates for development and is considered part of the "social overhead capital" necessary for growth.
major challenges to the engineer and city planner, one of the limiting factors to the public administrator, and one of the stated parameters to the geographer. In a phrase, the common thread among many disciplines and professions, among many social problems, is the movement of people.
STUDY OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
From an academic viewpoint, material on and study of passenger transportation appears in at least seven academic areas. Courses that are based at least in part on passenger transportation can be found in the areas of Business and Economics, Civil Engineering, Public Administration, Sociology, Geography, Technology or Aeronautics, and Architecture. It should be emphasized that these courses vary in their treatment of the problem of passenger transportation but all are concerned with passenger transportation in some way.
To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive treatment of passenger transportation now exists. There is today no one book, text or otherwise, that adequately treats this subject. Small parts of the subject are included in several places and in several types of books but no single treatment of passenger transportation exists.
GENESIS
The authors were faced with a lack of textual material when they taught a course called "Passenger Transportation" at the University of Hawaii. Similarly, both have been faced with the problem of choosing textual material for a course called "Air Transportation" at their respective institutions. Further, our colleagues in both engineering and geography tell us that material considering the economic, social and business aspects of the movements of people are notably lacking in textual material on transportation engineering, urban geography, city planning, regional planning, and so on, even though material exists on the engineering, geographical, and planning aspects.
In view of this situation, we resolved to write a book that (a) could be used as a text to set the tone and present an approach to passenger transportation as a separate subject, and (b) could be used as a supplemental resource in those many courses that consider passenger transportation primarily from an engineering, geographical, or planning viewpoint.
APPROACH
The subject of passenger transportation is so broad in scope and affects so many aspects of modern life that a single book comprehensively treating the subject would be practically impossible. Accordingly, we asked ourselves "What is common to all these approaches to the movement of people?" The answer is that passenger transportation is basically a series of interrelated "systems"-physical, economic, pricing, and regulatory. Out of these systems flows a series of interrelated "problems"-a marketing problem, an urban problem, an ecological problem, a policy-making problem, and the problem of managing change. Hence, we cast our approach in a "systems and problems" framework.
A second innovation of this project has been to adopt a functional framework. Instead of considering the movement of people from a modal viewpoint (for example, air transportation, highway systems), and instead of considering transportation from a spatial view (for example, urban transportation, regional planning), we consider it from the view of the function produced: passenger transportation.
Third, since the subject is so broad and comprehensive, we cannot hope to offer a complete and well-rounded discussion of even the underlying systems and related problems of passenger transportation. We can, however, offer a series of short chapters designed to provide an approach or a framework within which the subject of passenger transportation can be more fully developed.
It is hoped that these three innovations-a systems-problems approach, a functional orientation, and an overall framework-will assist both the students and the professor in understanding the intriguing subject of passenger transportation.
Finally, we wish to express gratitude to all of our colleagues who have encouraged us in this task, especially to Professor H. David Bess, University of Hawaii, who made valuable early contributions to our thinking on the subject; Professor Donald E. Cleveland, University of Michigan, who read the manuscript and made valuable suggestions; Professors Norman Daniel and Douglas Cochran, Arizona State University; G. L. Gifford, University of Arizona; and Roy J. Sampson, University of Oregon, who graciously used the manuscript in classes in Air Transportation, Passenger Transportation, and Problems of Transportation, in a semifinished form; and students in these classes, as well as our own, who helpfully assisted us with their comments and evaluations. We are, of course, responsible for any errors of omission or commission.
Martin T. Farris Arizona State University
Forrest E. Harding California State University,
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