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History of the Northern Pacific Railroad By Eugene Smalley 1883 Hard Cover
History of the Northern Pacific Railroad By Eugene Smalley
Hard Cover
Copyright 1883
437 pages
No map in back pocket.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
HISTORICAL.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS IN THE NORTHWEST.
Who First Reached the Head of Lake Superior-Grosellier and Redisson-Daniel Greysolon Du Luth-Meeting with Father Hennepin-Captain Jean Du Luth and his Trading Post-Baron Lahontan's Travels-Opening of the Fur Trade-Veranderie's Settlement on Red River-Jonathan Carver's Expedition-Alexander Mackenzie's Explorations-The Search for the Sources of the Mississippi-Expeditions of Long and Pike-Attempt of General Cass-Schoolcraft's Success
CHAPTER II.
DISCOVERY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND PUGET SOUND.
Tradition of the River of the \Vest-Fictitious Spanish Claim of Discovery-Captain Gray and the Ship Columbia-Captain Kendrick's Discovery-Vancouver's Mistake-Gray Sails into the Columbia River-His Logbook Entry-Expedition of the British Brig Chatham -The Tale of the Greek Pilot Juan de Fuca-De Fonte's Pretended Discoveries-Vancouver's Explorations-Puget Sound Mapped and Named-Voyages of Lopez de Haro and Elisa.
CHAPTER III.
THE LEWIS AND CLARKE. EXPEDITION.
Thomas Jefferson's Efforts to Open a Route to the Pacific-Ledyard's Attempt Baffled-Captain Lewis' First Project-Congress Provides for an Exploration-Character of Lewis-Captain William Clarke-The Expedition Organized-Its Route, Adventures, and Arrival at the Mouth of the Columbia-The Return Journey-Great Interest
in the Results of the Expedition 20
CHAPTER IV.
FUR TRADERS, TRAPPERS AND MISSIONARIES.
The Hudson's Bay Company-The Northwest Fur Company-Annual Councils at the Grand Portage-The Mackinac Company-John Jacob Astor's Enterprise-Founding of Astoria-A Perilous March Across the Continent-Hudson's Bay Company Posts and Trails-Captain Bonneville's Expedition-Nathaniel J. Wyeth's Undertaking-The American Flag again Planted in Oregon-Bonneville's Two Journeys to the Columbia-Rev. Samuel Parker's Travels-His Zeal for Converting the Indians-His Prediction of a Pacific Railroad-Comments of the Knickerbocker Magazine
CHAPTER V.
MARCUS WHITMAN'S HEROIC RIDH.
Dr. Whitman's and Rev. If. H. Spalding go to Oregon with their Wives-Schemes of the Hudson's Bay Company to Secure Oregon for Great Britain-Whitman's Daring Resolution-Ile Starts with A. L. Lovejoy for Washington-Perilous Winter Journey across the Mountains and Plains-Whitman's Appearance at the State Department-Oregon Saved to the United States-Whitman Leads the Missouri Emigration-His Tragic Death
CHAPTER VI.
THE FIRST PACIFIC RAILROAD ADVOCATE.
Early Arguments in Favor of a Railroad to the Pacific Coast-Dr. Samuel Bancroft Barlow's Newspaper Articles-A Scheme for a Railroad from New York to the Mouth of the Columbia-Estimated Cost-The Government Urged to Undertake the Work-Effect on East India Trade
CHAPTER VII.
ASA WHITNEY'S PROJECT.
Whitney's Early Career-He Ascends the Missouri-Study of a Short Route to China-His Scheme for a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Mouth of the Columbia-Efforts in Washington-Favorable Resolutions Secured from State Legislatures-Whitney Mobbed in New York-A Friendly Reception in Philadelphia-Whitney's Bill Defeated-Another Unsuccessful Effort in dies Poor-The Chicago and St. Louis Conventions of 1S49-George Wilkes' Project-Plans of J. Loughborough and Dr. Hartwell Carver
CHAPTER VIII.
EDWIN F. JOHNSON'S EFFORTS.
An Eminent Engineer Takes up the Pacific Railway Project-Edwin F. Johnson's Career-Early Advocacy of Railroad Transportation-Plan for Railroad from the Hudson to the Mississippi-Chief Engineer of the Erie Railway-At Work in Wisconsin-Articles in the Railroad Journal-Arguments in Favor of the Northern Route-Robert J. Walker and Jefferson Davis-Schemes of Southern Politicians-Johnson's Letters Republished-His Map and Profile 69
CHAPTER IX.
THE GOVERNMENT SURVEYS.
Condition of Public Sentiment-Sectional Jealousy-Effect of the California Gold Discoveries-General Agreement that a Railway to the Pacific Coast Must Be Built-The Question of Routes-Five Lines Surveyed-Jefferson Davis Favors the Most Southern-Governor Stevens' Survey of the Northern Route-Thoroughness of his Work-Advantages of the Northern Route Fully Demonstrated-Stevens' Report-His Writings and Public Addresses in Favor of the Northern Pacific Railroad Project-His Death on the Battle-field 77
CHAPTER X.
FUTILE MOVEMENTS IN CONGRESS.
PAGE
Last of Asa Whitney's Project-California's Demand-The Northern Route almost Lost Sight of-Wm, H. Seward's Bill-Henry S. Foote's Southern Pacific Bill-Sectional Strife over the Question of Routes-The Bill of 1855 for Three Lines to the Pacific-Weller's Subsidy and Land Grant Bill of 1856-President Buchanan's Advocacy-A New Bill for a Single Central Line Changed to one for Three Lines, and Defeated in 1859-Curtis's Single Route Bill of 186o-The prototype of the Union and Central Pacific Railroad Legislation-The Northern Pacific Railroad named and Recognized by Congress in 1861-A Northern Pacific Company Organized in Washington Territory 88
CHAPTER XI.
JOSIAH PERIIAM'S PEOPLE'S PACIFIC RAILROAD.
Perham's Business Career-The " Father " of the Cheap Excursion System-Visions of a Railroad to the Pacific-A Current Misapprehension Corrected-Perham Not Originally in Favor of the Northern Route-The People's Pacific Railroad Company-Failure to Get a Charter in Massachusetts-Perham's Speech to a Boston Meeting-The Company Chartered by the Maine Legislature-Perham's Appeals to Congress for Aid-His Impracticable Plan of Raising Money by Small Stock Subscriptions
CHAPTER XII.
THE UNION AND CENTRAL PACIFIC CHARTER.
Five Practicable Routes to the Pacific-Congress Prefers the Middle Route-Political Considerations-Threats of the Southern Element in California-The Union and Central Pacific Railroad Bill-Perham's Project left out-Fruitless Effort in the Senate for the Northern Route-Passage of the Bill-Its Generous Conditions-Profits of Construction-The Route Adopted Follows the Emigrant Trail-Amendment of the Charter in 1364-Condition of the Northern Belt in 1862
CHAPTER XIII.
PASSAGE OF THE CHARTER ACT.
PAGE
Perham Transfers his Efforts to the Northern Project-Thaddeus Stevens Supports the People's Pacific Scheme-Defeat of the Bill in the House-A New Bill framed Creating the Northern Pacific Company-It Passes the House and Senate, and is Approved by President Lincoln-Its Principal Provisions-Perham's Impracticable Stock Subscription Plan-The Company Prohibited to Issue Bonds or Mortgage the Road-A Double Land Grant, but no other Government Aid.... 113
CHAPTER XIV.
ORGANIZING THE COMPANY.
A Board of Commissioners-The Company a New England Concern-First Meeting of the Board-Perham's Speech-His Estimate of the Cost of the Northern Pacific Road-Exaggerated Notions as to the Value of the Land Grant-Subscription Books Opened-The Original Stockholders-First Board of Directors-Officers Elected 119
CI-IAPTER XV.
A TRANSFER OF THE FRANCHISE.
Mission of Colonel W. S. Rowland and Governor Frank Fuller to Boston-Fuller's Speech Before the Board of Trade-Hamilton A. Hill's Interest-Report of a Committee Indorsing the Northern Pacific Enterprise-An International Line Proposed-Co-operation of the Railroads from Boston to Canada Secured-Perham at the End of His Resources-Transfer of the Charter-A New Organization Formed-Congress Looked to for Means to Build the Road... 125
CHAPTER XVI.
APPEALS TO CONGRESS.
J. Gregory Smith's Early Career-His Plan for Co-operation with the Canada Pacific Company-Movement for an Extension of 'fimeOpposition in Congress to all Land Grant Railroads-Thaddeus Stevens' Assistance-Two More Years Allowed for Beginning Work -Effort to Secure Government Aid-A Discouraging Outlook-A CHAPTER XIII.
PASSAGE OF THE CHARTER ACT.
PAGE
Perham Transfers his Efforts to the Northern Project-Thaddeus Stevens Supports the People's Pacific Scheme-Defeat of the Bill in the House-A New Bill framed Creating the Northern Pacific Company-It Passes the House and Senate, and is Approved by President Lincoln-Its Principal Provisions-Perham's Impracticable Stock Subscription Plan-The Company Prohibited to Issue Bonds or Mortgage the Road-A Double Land Grant, but no other Government Aid.... 113
CHAPTER XIV.
ORGANIZING THE COMPANY.
A Board of Commissioners-The Company a New England Concern-First Meeting of the Board-Perham's Speech-His Estimate of the Cost of the Northern Pacific Road-Exaggerated Notions as to the Value of the Land Grant-Subscription Books Opened-The Original Stockholders-First Board of Directors-Officers Elected 119
CHAPTER XV.
A TRANSFER OF THE FRANCHISE.
Mission of Colonel W. S. Rowland and Governor Frank Fuller to Boston-Fuller's Speech Before the Board of Trade-Hamilton A. Hill's Interest-Report of a Committee Indorsing the Northern Pacific Enterprise-An International Line Proposed-Co-operation of the Railroads from Boston to Canada Secured-Perham at the End of His Resources-Transfer of the Charter-A New Organization Formed-Congress Looked to for Means to Build the Road... 125
CHAPTER XVI.
APPEALS TO CONGRESS.
J. Gregory Smith's Early Career-His Plan for Co-operation with the Canada Pacific Company-Movement for an Extension of time Opposition in Congress to all Land Grant Railroads-Thaddeus Stevens' Assistance-Two More Years Allowed for Beginning Work -Effort to Secure Government Aid-A Discouraging Outlook-A Hard Bargain-Five Millions Furnished to Begin Construction in 1870-A Town Site Company Formed-A New Bill Passes Congress Authorizing the Mortgaging of the Road and Land Grant-The Columbia River Line Made the Main Line to Puget Sound-A Brisk Contest in both I Iouses-Jay Cooke's Plan for a Foreign Loan -The Bonds Finally Offered to the American Public-Defects of the Financial Scheme 163
CHAPTER XXI.
SALE OF THE 7-30 BONDS.
Jay Cooke & Co.'s Efforts to Popularize the 7-3o Loan-Extensive and Liberal Advertising-Favorable Opinions from Prominent Public Men--Favorable Conditions for Selling the Bonds-Cooke's Branch House in London-The Bonds Largely Bought by People of Moderate Means-Truthfulness of Jay Cooke's Published Statements About the Northern Pacific Belt-Extracts from his Pamphlets 171
CHAPTER XXII.
CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST IN 1870.
Northern Minnesota a Wilderness-No Farms in the Red River Valley -The Country of the Savage Sioux-The Mining Settlements in Central Montana-Another Uninhabited Region Beyond-The Vigorous Settlements of Oregon and Puget Sound-Their Aid to the Railroad Enterprise-The Obstacles to be Surmounted-2,000 Miles of Railway to be Built through a Wilderness 178
CHAPTER XXIII.
BUILDING THE ROAD.
Construction Work begun in 1870-Surveys in Minnesota-A Committee sent to the Pacific Coast-Purchase of St. Paul and Pacific Stock-Duluth and Superior-Completion of the Minnesota Division -Work begun on the Line from the Columbia River to Puget Sound-Controlling Interest in Oregon Steam Navigation Company Bought-Scarcity of Funds in 1872-President Smith Resigns-A Review of his Administration 185
CHAPTER XXIV.
PRESIDENCY OF GENERAL CASS.
PAGE
A Parenthesis in the Affairs of the Company-General Cass's Education and Career in the Army, and in Business-He Builds the First Iron Bridge in the Country-Establishes the Adams Express Company-President of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroad-Joins the Smith Syndicate to Acquire the Northern Pacific Franchise -Selecting a Site for a Terminal City on Puget Sound-Why Tacoma was Preferred-A Commission Appointed to Settle the Question-The Tacoma Land Company-General Cass's Speech to the Board-His Investment of Stock in Red River Valley Lands-The Cass-Cheney Farms-Features of his Administration Iqo
CHAPTER XXV.
THE PANIC OF 1873.
An Unexpected Disaster-Suspension of the House of Jay Cooke & Co.-The Panic and its Results-Closing of the Stock Exchange-Suspension of Banks, Railroads, and Manufacturing Companies-Numerous Failures in all Parts of the Country-Prolonged Effects of the Panic -Serious Shrinkage in Value-Many Branches of Industry Paralyzed-The Northern Pacific Railroad not the Cause of the Failure of Jay Cooke & Co.-Mr. Cooke Loses One Fortune and Makes Another 198
CHAPTER XXVI.
REORGANIZATION OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY.
A Period of Doubt and Despondency in the Affairs of the Company-Mileage Completed at the Time of the Panic-A Road Through Vacant Spaces-Falling off of Western Immigration-The Company in Desperate Straits-Its Rescue by a Sagacious Plan of Reorganization-The Bonds Converted into Preferred Stock-Bankruptcy Proceedings Begun by the Directors-Judge Shipman's Valuable Assistance-The Road and Franchise Sold to a Purchasing Committee of the CHAPTER XXVII.
CHARLES B. WRIGHT'S ADMINISTRATION,
PAGE
Charles B. Wright Elected President in 1874-His Early Career in Business and Railroad Management-Chosen a Director of the Northern Pacific in 1870-Chairman of the Finance Committee in 1872, and Vice-President in 1873-Financial Straits of the Company after the Re-organization-Making the Road Pay Expenses-Construction Work Recommenced in 1S75, on the Pacific Coast-A Connection with St. Paul Secured-Renewed Activity in the Company's Affairs -The Missouri Division Loan-Construction Begun West of the Missouri River in 1879-Mr. Wright's Resignation-Complimentary Resolutions 211
CHAPTER XXVIII.
RENEWED APPEALS TO CONGRESS.
Unwillingness of Capitalists to Furnish Money for Completing the Northern Pacific Road-Preferred Stock Sells for 25 to 30-The Directors make a Fresh Appeal to Congress in 1874-Benj. F. Wade's Services-A Bill Guaranteeing Interest on the Company's Bonds-A Hopeless Effort from the Start-Public Opinion Strongly Opposed to Further Aid to Railroads-Failure of the Bill-Bills for an Extension of Time Pass the Senate but Fail in the House-The Company Determines to Rest on its Charter Rights-Validity of the Entire Land Grant Affirmed by Attorney-General Devens 219
CHAPTER XXIX.
PRESIDENCY OF FREDERICK BILLINGS.
Mr. Billings' Birth and Education-He Becomes a California Pioneer of 1849-A Lawyer in San Francisco-His Early Interest in the Northern Pacific Project-Declines a Nomination for Congress-Returns to the East-Chosen a Northern Pacific Director in 1870-Organizes the Land Department-Chairman of the Executive Committee-Elected President in 1879-A General First Mortgage Executed-Agreement with a Syndicate of Bankers-The Bismarck Bridge-St. Paul Terminal Facilities-General Offices and Brainerd Shops-Mr. Billings' Resignation-Improved Condition of the Company 226
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