|
Elements of Physical Geology by James Zumberge & Clemens Nelson Hard Cover
Elements of Physical Geology by James H Zumberge & Clemens A Nelson
Hard Cover
395 pages + Appendix & Index
Copyright 1976
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
The Scientific Method2
History of Geology as a Science3
Principle of Superposition3
Original Horizontality3
Uniformitarianism4
Aims of Geology5
Basic Geologic Time Scale6
2 The Third Planet and Its Neighbors9
The Universe10
Galaxies11
The Expanding Universe1 1
The Solar System13
The Sun14
The Planets14
The Terrestrial Planets14
The Jovian Planets and Pluto15
The Origin of the Solar System16
Conditions to be Satisfied16
Discarded Hypotheses16
The Condensation Theory17
Asteroids, Meteorites, and Comets19
The Moon20
The Early Stages of Earth History23
The Origin of Earth's Atmosphere23
The Earth's Major Features24
Origin of Continents and the Ocean Basins27
3 Materials of the Earth's Crust31
Minerals: Natural Elements and Compounds 32
Physical Properties of Minerals36
Classification of Minerals37
Rocks41
Igneous Rocks41
Magmatic Origin41
Grantization 43
Occurrence of Igneous Rocks43
Intrusive Masses43
Extrusive Rocks44
Differences Between Sills and Flows46
Sedimentary Rocks 49
Detrital Sediments50
Chemical Sediments51
Organic Sediments 52
Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks 52
The Meaning of Sedimentary Rocks 54
Factors that Control Sedimentary Rock Properties54
Kind of Rock in the Source Area (Provenance)54
Environment of the Source Area55
Environment of the Depositional Area56
Postdepositional Change of the Sediment58
Paleogeography58
Transgressive and Regressive Sequences58
Metamorphic Rocks59
Metamorphic Processes59
Mechanical Deformation60
Recrystallization60
Chemical Recombination60
Chemical Replacement60
Types of Metamorphism60
Contact Metamorphism61
Regional Metamorphism61
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks61
Occurrence of Metamorphic Rocks62
4 Structures of the Earth's Crust65
Fundamentals of Structural Geology 66
Geologic Maps66
Geologic Contacts68
Attitude: Strike and Dip of Beds69
Types of Geologic Structures70
Folds70
Structural Domes and Basins72
Faults72
Geologic Forces81
Internal Forces82
Earth Movements82
Volcanic Activity83
Isostasy84
External Forces85
The Hydrologic Cycle86
The Rock Cycle87
6 Geologic Time91
Fossils92
Organic Evolution94
Correlation of Geologic Events96
The Geologic Time Scale97
The Geologic Column97
Basis for Subdividing Geologic Time99
An Absolute Time Scale100
Radioactivity and Geologic Time 101
Oldest Rocks and the Age of the Earth103
7 Volcanoes and Volcanism 105
Distribution of Volcanoes106
The Origin and Source of Volcanic Materials106
Volcanic Gases108
Types of Volcanoes and Their Eruptive Characteristics109
Hawaiian Type109
Cinder Cones111
Vesuvian Type112
Other Features Produced by Volcanism 115
Calderas115
Nuee Ardente116
Fissure Eruptions118
Volcanic Hazards in the Western U.S.119
Past Eruptions120
Types of Volcanic Hazards121
8 Earthquakes and the Earth's Interior125
Seismology: Facts About Earthquakes126
Distribution of Earthquakes126
The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906126
Causes of Earthquakes128
The Elastic Rebound Theory128
Earthquake Waves131
Types of Earthquake Waves131
Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude131
The Alaskan Earthquake of 1964134
The San Fernando Earthquake136
Earthquake Prediction and Control138
Earthquake Safety Rules139
The Earth's Interior140
The Crust141
The Mohorovff& Discontinuity141
The Deep Interior142
9 Global Tectonics and Mountain Building147
The Origin of Mountains148
Types of Mountains149
Characteristics of Mountain Systems149
The Geosynclinal Concept150
Orogeny152
Orogenic History of the Paleozoic 152
Mesozoic Orogeny of Western North America154
Cenozoic Orogeny156
Theories of the Origin of Mountains157
The Contraction Theory157
The Convection Hypothesis158
Continental Drift159
The Evidence Supporting Continental Drift160
Paleomagnetism163
Sea-Floor Spreading164
Transform Faults164
Magnetic Reversals165
Plate Tectonics169
The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere169
Subduction169
"Hot Spots" in the Mantle172
The Role of Gravity175
Climate, Weathering, and Soils179
Climate180
Classification of Climates182
Climate and Weathering182
Bedrock, Regolith, and Soil185
Physical Weathering186
Frost Action in Bedrock186
Frost Action in Regolith187
Permafrost188
Surface Phenomena in Permafrost Areas190
Heating and Cooling of Rocks193
Plant and Animal Activity194
Chemical Weathering194
Oxidation194
Leaching195
Hydrolysis195
Organic Activity196
Weathering Products196
Weathering of Granitic Rocks197
Stability of Minerals During Weathering198
Depth of Weathering198
Soils198
Soil Morphology200
Soil Classification200
Soils and Paleoclimatology202
11 Gravitational Movement of Earth Materials209
Factors Causing Slope Instability and Slope Failure210
Reduction in Shear Strength211
Increase in Shear Stress211
Types of Slope Movements211
Movement by Slippage Along Planes of Weakness212
Free Fall212
Sliding, Landslides212
Movement by Internal Deformation 214
Debris Flows214
Mudflows215
Solifluction217
Creep217
Rock Glaciers217
12 Groundwater223
The Origin of Groundwater224
Occurrence of Groundwater225
Movement of Groundwater227
Aquifers and Wells228
Groundwater Problems231
Problems of Supply231
Groundwater Use231
Groundwater Subsidence232
Groundwater Pollution235
Geologic Work of Groundwater236
Limestone Caverns237
Karst Topography239
Geysers and Hot Springs239
Petrifaction240
13 Rivers245
Running Water on the Land Surface 246
Playfair's Law246
Rivers and Climate246
Runoff247
Factors Controlling Runoff247
Drainage Patterns of Streams250
River Profiles and Channel Patterns 252
Base Level and the Stream Profile252
Channel Patterns252
River Discharge and Channel Geometry253
Erosion and Transportation by Running Water254
Suspended Load254
Bed Load254
Dissolved Load256
Geologic Work of Rivers257
Denudation of Land Areas257
River Deposits259
Alluvial Deposits259
River Terraces260
Deposits at River Mouths260
Alluvial Fans261
The Cycle of Erosion261
The Youthful Stage263
Mature Stage263
Old Age Stage264
Interruptions of the Erosion Cycle 264
Other Concepts264
Rivers and Man265
Navigation265
Dams and Reservoirs266
Floods266
Water Supply and Pollution267
14 Wind Action and Deserts271
Wind: Movement of the Atmosphere272
Wind Velocities272
Wind Direction272
Mechanics of Wind Action272
Wind Erosion272
Deflation272
Abrasion273
Deposition by Wind274
Sand Dunes274
Ancient Dunes277
Loess278
Loess and Agriculture279
Loess and Engineering279
Deserts280
Origin and Distribution of Deserts 280
The Desert Landscape281
Desert Erosion281
Eolian Deposits284
Noneolian Depositional Features 286
15 Glaciers and Glaciation291
Glacier Dynamics292
Glacier Mass Balance292
Glacier Movement293
Crevasses295
Surging Glaciers295
Classification of Glaciers296
Valley Glaciers296
Piedmont Glaciers297
Ice Sheets297
The Greenland Ice Sheet298
Antarctic Ice Sheet299
Geologic Work of Glaciers302
Glacial Erosion302
Glacially Eroded Valleys304
Glacial Deposits304
Nonstratified Deposits306
Stratified Deposits306
Lake Deposits307
Pleistocene Glaciation in North America309
The North American Ice Sheet310
Depression of the Crust by the Ice Sheet312
The Origin and History of the313
Great Lakes
The Ancestral Great Lakes313
The Modern Great Lakes314
Pluvial Lakes317
Ancient "Ice Ages"317
Precambrian Glaciation318
Ordovician Glaciation318
Permo-Carboniferous Glaciation318
The Cause of "Ice Ages"319
16 Oceans and Shorelines323
Ocean Shorelines324
Mechanics of Wave Action324
Origin and Description of Waves 324
Wave Motion324
Waves in Shallow Water325
Distribution of Wave Energy325
Geologic Work of Waves326
Wave Erosion326
Wave Deposition329
Shoreline Evolution329
Tsunamis333
The Ocean Basins335
The Continental Margin335
Continental Shelves335
Continental Slopes and Submarine Canyons336
The Ocean Basin Floor338
Seamounts, Guyots, and Atolls338
The Midocean Ridge340
Ocean Sediments340
Brown Clay341
Authigenic Deposits341
Pelagic Oozes341
Terrigenous Muds343
Turbidites343
Glacial Marine Deposits344
17 Resources From the Earth347
Renewable and Nonrenewable
Resources348
Mineral Resources and Reserves 348
Minerals as Raw Materials352
Classification of Mineral Resources 353
Metallic Minerals354
The Ferrous Minerals355
Iron Ores355
The Nonferrous Minerals361
Aluminum OreS362
Copper Ores362
Lead & Zinc Ores364
Gold Ores365
Building and Constructional Materials367
Industrial Minerals371
Mineral Resources Used in Energy Production374
Fossil Fuels375
Petroleum375
Oil Shale379
Production & Reserves of Oil and Gas380
Coal383
Nuclear Fuels385
Geothermal Energy386
Solar Energy387
Environmental Impacts of Mineral Extraction389
Appendix AAl
Index11
List of Tables
1.a Basic Geologic Time Scale Used in North America6
2.a Facts About the Solar System14
3.a The Ten Most Abundant Elements of the Earth's Crust37
3.b Some Common Minerals and Their Chemical Composition38
3.c Simplified Igneous Rock Classification Chart42
3.d Size Range of Particles According to the Wentworth Scale51
3.e Metamorphic Equivalents of Some Common Sedimentary Rocks62
7.a Composition of Volcanic Gases from Hawaii108
8.a Modified Mercalli Earthquake Intensity Scale133
8.b Earthquake Safety Rules139
8.c Summary of the Physical Properties of Various Parts of the Earth143
10.a Classification of Climates184
10.b Products of the Weathering of a Granitic Type Rock in a Humid Temperate Climate198
PREFACE
This book is a direct outgrowth of our Elements of Geology, Third Edition. It is intended for a one-term course in physical geology for the nonmajor. Because we think that a historical perspective is essential to the understanding of earth science, a number of items commonly reserved for books on earth history are included in Chapter 6, "Geologic Time." To provide for an appreciation of geologic time in the earlier chapters, the geologic time scale is introduced in the first chapter.
Although many recent texts have used the exciting developments in sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics as a theme around which to organize the subject matter of physical geology, we have preferred the more traditional approach for pedagogic reasons. We believe that an investigation of the earth from the "inside out" provides a better basis on which the student can begin to understand his environment. Thus, the first nine chapters deal with the fundamental materials of the earth and its internal characteristics and processes; the following seven chapters deal with processes that have shaped the surface of the earth and provided its infinite variety of topographic forms.
It is also common practice for current texts to devote a single unit to "Environmental Geology." We believe that geology has always been a fundamental environmental science and that the subject of the environment, including geologic hazards, is better served by its inclusion in the chapters where it is a natural part of the subject under discussion. Thus, the reader will find environmental problems treated in the chapters on volcanoes, earthquakes, climate, landslides, groundwater, rivers, wind, glaciers, oceans, and resources.
The text of most chapters from Elements of Geology has been revised, and new illustrations have been added. The materials and structures of the crust of the earth are treated in Chapter 3, "Materials of the Earth's Crust," and Chapter 4, "Structures of the Earth's Crust." These subjects were incorporated into a single chapter in Elements of Geology. Chapter 9, "Global Tectonics and Mountain Building," has been revised and expanded and includes a historical account of mountain building theories and a detailed account of the new revolution in geologythat of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics. In each of the chapters dealing with surface processes (Chapters 10 to 16), examples from the geologic record have been included to illustrate the uniformitarian relationships between present observations and the past record of the earth.
Chapter 17, "Resources from the Earth," is new; it incorporates a number of separate discussions from Elements of Geology and current problems of environmental geology and mineral and energy resources
All pictures are of the actual item. There may be reflection from the lights in some photos. We try to take photos of any damage. If this is a railroad item, this material is obsolete and no longer in use by the railroad. Please email with questions. Publishers of Train Shed Cyclopedias and Stephans Railroad Directories. Large inventory of railroad books and magazines. Thank you for buying from us.
Shipping charges
US Shipments: When you add multiple items to your cart, the reduced shipping charges will automatically be calculated. For direct postage rates to other countries, send me an email. Shipping varies by weight.
Terms and conditions
All sales are final. Returns accepted if item is not as described. Contact us before making a return. No warranty is stated or implied. Please e-mail us with any questions before bidding or buying.
Thanks for looking at our items.
| 
