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Business Of Railway Transportation Haney 1924 HARD COVER
The Business Of Railway Transportation By Lewis Haney Traffic Rates Regulation
HARD COVER Name and stamp on front page, notice the binding by the preface page.
Copyright 1924
613 pages
Part I-Organization and Functions of a Railway
I.NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION 1
II.THE INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF A RAILWAY 21
III.RAILWAY OPERATING AND TRAFFIC STATISTICS 41
IV.RAILWAY OPERATING AND TRAFFIC STATISTICS (Continued) 57
V.RAILWAY ACCOUNTS, REVENUE, AND EXPENSES 74
Part II-Railway Geography
VI. RAILWAY GROUPS-NEW ENGLAND ROADS91
VII. THE TRUNK LINES 106
VIII. THE COAL ROADS 120
The Anthracite Roads 120
The Pocahontas Roads 127
IX. SOUTHERN RAILWAYS 134
X. WESTERN RAILWAYS 147
The Granger Lines 147
The Transcontinental Lines 153
Southwestern Lines 162
Part III-Principles of Railway Rates
XI.ECONOMIC PECULIARITIES OF THE RAILWAY BUSINESS 167
XII. FALSE OR INCOMPLETE THEORIES OF RAILWAY RATES 183
XIII.A TRUE THEORY OF RATES 196
XIV.A TRUE THEORY OF RATES (Continued)219
XV.GENERAL LEVEL OF RATES AND SUMMARY232
XVI.RAILWAY COMPETITION 257
Part IV-Railway Rates in Practice
XVII. FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION AND COMMODITY RATES267
Classification 267
Commodity Rates 285
XVIII. CARLOAD PROVISIONS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE290
XIX. FREIGHT TARIFFS AND ROUTING 3O9
Freight Tariffs 3o9
The Routing of Freight 32o
XX. CHIEF FREIGHT RATE TERRITORIES AND TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS 328
XXI. RATE STRUCTURES IN OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION TERRITORY 339
1. The Central Freight Association Rate Structure
2. New England Rate Structure
3. Trunk Line Association Territory
XXII.THE CHICAGO-NEW YORK RATE STRUCTURE-PORT DIFFERENTIALS 357
XXIII.THE SOUTHERN RATE STRUCTURE 369
XXIV.THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RATE STRUCTURE393
XXV.EXPORT AND IMPORT RATES 406
Part V - Freight Traffic Arrangements
XXVI.THE SHIPPING OF FREIGHT 431
1. Handling Freight at Terminals, and the Shipping Papers 431
2. The Packing of Freight 442
3. The Marking of Freight 446
4. Preparing and Loading Cars 449
5. The Weighing of Freight 454
Summary 459
XXVII.RECONSIGNMENT AND IN-TRANSIT PRIVILEGES 461
1. Reconsignment and Diversion of Freight 461
2. The In-Transit Privilege 471
XXVIII.DEMURRAGE AND STORAGE 476
XXIX.SOME TERMINAL TRAFFIC FACILITIES AND PROBLEMS 484
XXX.FREIGHT CLAIMS 506
Part VI - Government Regulation in the United States
XXXI.PUBLIC RELATIONS AND REGULATION; THE TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1920 519
XXXII.CURRENT PROBLEMS IN GOVERNMENT CONTROL: CONSOLIDATION, LABOR BOARD, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP 547
Consolidation 547
The Railway Labor Problem 560
Government Ownership 565
APPENDIX:
A.GLOSSARY OF TRAFFIC AND RATE TERMS571
B.BIBLIOGRAPHY 580
C.PROBLEMS 591
MAPS AND CHARTS
I. Typical Organization of an Operating Department28
2. Typical Organization of a Traffic Department 33
3. Departmental Type of Operating Organization36
4. Classification of Railway Statistical Bases
5. Summary of Freight Commodity Statistics of Class I Roads for the Year ended December 31, 1922, showing Chief Commodities Hauled 68
6. Normal Seasonal Variation in Railway Tonnage 69
7. Shortage, Surplus, Bad-Order, and Total Loadings of Freight-Cars 70
8. Chart showing Upward Trend of Traffic since 1890 72
9. Railway Tonnage and Production in Industry 73
10. Map of New England Roads, also showing Principal Gateways 95
11. Map of New England Railways and Connections, and also Contributory Coal Fields 96
12. Map of the Trunk Lines 107
13. Anthracite Coal Roads 121
14. The Pocahontas Roads 128
15. Southern Roads 135
16. Granger Roads 148
17. Chief Transcontinental Lines and Chicago Connections 154
18. Chief Southwestern Railways 163
19. Diagram showing Bases for Maximum and Minimum Rates225
20. Diagram illustrating the Determination of Particular Rates and the Allocation of Joint Expense According to Demand 230
21. Diagram showing the Concurrent Determination of General Level of Rates and Particular Rates 254
22. Diagram showing Determination of Particular Rates and Their Relation to the General Level 255
23. Sample Page from Consolidated Freight Classification 269
24a. A Class Tariff 315
24b. A Commodity Tariff 315
25a. A Class Tariff using "Route Reference Numbers"316
25b. Table of Rates for use with rate Reference Numbers 317
26. A Mileage Scale Tariff of Commodity Rates 319
27. Chief Classification and rate Territories of the United States 329
28. Diagram illustrating Use of Basing Points in Making Interline Rates 344
29. Freight Rate Zones of the Chicago-New York Percentage Structure 362
30. Rate Adjustment Territories within Southern Freight Association Territory 374
31. Groupings of Eastern and Middlewestern Points on Traffic Destined to Transcontinental Freight Bureau Territory 403
32. Canadian Ports-Grain Routes from the Head of the Lakes 422
33. Uniform Straight Bill of Lading 434
34. Rail and Ocean Export Bill of Lading 436
35. Livestock Bill of Lading 438-439
36. Waybill 441
37. Form Used by Railroads to Advise Shippers of Non-Acceptance of Shipments 449
PREFACE
This volume discusses the railway business primarily from the standpoint of the consumer of railway freight service-the shipper. It gives careful consideration also to the relation between the railway and the public.
The aim is to present a practical discussion of those matters- pertaining to the railway business which particularly concern shippers and traffic men while keeping in mind also the interests of the investor on the one hand and on the other hand those of the thoughtful citizen who desires a right relation between carrier, shipper, and the general public.
The first section of the volume is given to a general description and analysis of the railway business. After a brief presentation of the importance of transportation and the nature of the railway machine, chapters on the internal organization of a railway, on railway accounts, and on statistics, supply a foundation for an understanding of railway operation and traffic problems. They are followed, in the second section, by an extensive discussion of railway geography, and a description of the operating and traffic conditions which affect the various geographical groups of carriers.
The treatment of railway .rates, which is in two parts, fills the third and fourth sections. There is, first, a statement of the principles of rate making and a discussion of the demand for and supply of transportation as affecting the value of the transportation service. This is followed by a description of rate making in practice which takes up the classification of commodities for rate-making purposes and the rate structures which have been built up in representative rate territories.
The fifth section deals with various traffic matters, such as the shipping of freight, reconsignment, demurrage, freight claims, and the terminal problem.
The final section of the volume, dealing with railway regulation, considers the present-day relations between railways and the government. In these chapters the great issues of railway consolidation and of railway labor are taken up. The discussion ends with an appraisal of government ownership, considered as a program proposed for adoption by such a government as the United States.
By solving the problems in the appendix, the student will be led to form business judgments similar to those required in practical dealings with the railway business.
As the subject of railway transportation is so extensive and many-sided, it has been necessary to hold rigidly to certain limitations to make room for adequate treatment of those problems in traffic, rates, and present-day government policy, which particularly concern those who have or plan to have business dealings with railways.
It is believed that the approach here taken has definite advantages, particularly for students in universities or elsewhere whose personal acquaintance with the railway business is but slight. By steering a middle course between the purely theoretical treatise and the merely descriptive works on traffic and rates, it is believed that the study of transportation may be rendered at the same time more interesting and of more practical value. Greater knowledge of railway operating and traffic problems and the business aspects of railway transportation, should lead to a truer appreciation of transportation economics and keener interest in railway history. Fuller appreciation of the relation of railways to industry and trade should bring, on the one hand, a better utilization of railway facilities; on the other hand, a more intelligent attitude toward railway problems affecting the public.
It seems reasonable to say that before one attempts to decide how railways should be regulated, one must have a knowledge of the economics of their operation and the problems which confront them. The railway business is one of the largest and most important businesses in the country. Unfortunately, the conditions of its organization and operation are far too little known to the public.
Moreover, it has come to be so entangled in political controversy that many people have lost sight of the fact that it is a business, subject to economic laws. If the American people want to have railways constructed and operated in such a way as to insure a supply of transportation service when and where it is needed, rates must be so made on each class of traffic that the expense of transportation will be defrayed from revenue with something left over for interest on the investment and profit for the business enterprise of the carrier. If railways are constructed on the basis of political pressure, or if rates are made to "aid" different classes or various sections of the country, economic considerations are abandoned and railroading ceases to be a business.
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