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Modern Tunnel Practice by David McNeely Stauffer Hard Cocver
Modern Tunnel Practice by David McNeely Stauffer
Engineering News
Illustrated by examples taken from actual recent work in the United States and in foreign countries
138 illustrations
Hard Cover
314 pages
Copyright 1906
CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
CHAPTER I
TUNNEL LOCATION AND SURVEYING
General rules for location-Geological considerations-Alignment of tunnels-Station points-Producing line from portal into tunnel-Instrumental work at the Cascade tunnel-Carrying center-line down a shaft-Use of electric light in producing center-line 1
CHAPTER II
EXPLOSIVES
Gunpowder; its composition, reaction, measure of force, temperature, etc.-Nitroglycerine; its composition and appearance, action, original method of use-Nitro-gelatine, as used in blasting operations-Dynamite ; its action, etc.-Lithofracteur, Forcite, Atlas powder, Hercules powder, Judson powder, Joveite-The Sprengel class of explosives-Safety or time fuses-The primer-Electric firing-Cautions to be observed in firing high explosives-The handling and storing of explosives-Frozen dynamite and its treatment-Powder magazines 14
CHAPTER III
BLASTING
General principles to be observed in proportioning depth and diameter of holes to the work to be done-The line of least resistance in blasting-The location of bore-holes-The square and the V-shaped center cut-The consumption of explosives-Method pursued on the New York Subway work-Testing the blasting qualities of rock-Loading with black powder-Loading with dynamite-Effect of nitroglycerine fumes and precautions to be observed-Hints on power-drilling-Device for preventing the crushing of shaft-timbers by the flying rock 34
CHAPTER IV
NOTES ON SHAFT-SINKING
Location of a shaft-Dimensions-Relation of shaft-work to tunneling proper-General conditions of shaft-sinking-Forces exerted and precautions to be observed in framing-A steel shaft-house-Cages and skips-A cheap hoisting-cage and head-house-Shaft-sinking in wet gravel and quicksand-Sheet-piling shaft 47
CHAPTER V
PRINCIPLES OF TUNNEL TIMBERING AND DRIVING
General rules-Choice of timber-English method of timbering as applied in the United States-Belgian and Belgian-French systems-German system-Austrian system-American system-Driving through loose gravel-Crutch system-Timbering a sand tunnel-Meem poling-board system-Iron crown-bar system-Old rail crown-bars, their advantages and disadvantages--Steel-lined tunnel -Sand-chamber and caisson method-Pilot-tunnel system-Sewer tunnel in quicksand-Dry-sand tunneling-Enlarging tunnel in soft grounds-Sewer tunnel in dry sand 65
CHAPTER VI
TUNNEL ARCH CENTERS
Requisites of a good arch center-Methods of framing centers-Adjustable or moving centers-Steel-rib centers-Concrete-form for small tunnels-Placing concrete lining in tunnels 99
CHAPTER VII SUB-AQUEOUS TUNNELS AND TUNNEL SHIELDS
Form of shield and methods pursued at East Boston Subway-East River gas tunnel-Massachusetts pipe line-Blackwell tunnel-St. Clair tunnel-Berlin-Spree tunnel-Harlem River tunnel-Penna. R. R. Hudson River tunnel-Screw-jack shield-Shankland shield-Metropolitan Railway in Paris 112
CHAPTER VIII
SUBWAYS, OR UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
General notes on location-Orleans Railway in Paris-Boston Subway -East Boston tunnel-Buda-Pest Subway-New York Rapid Transit Subway-Atlantic Avenue Subway in Brooklyn 144
CHAPTER IX
SPECIAL TUNNEL-BUILDING PLANT
Cascade tunnel plant-Scraper-loading-Automatic dump at shafts-Dumping-wagon-Cement-mortar car-Walker's detaching hoist-hook-Concrete mixer 171
CHAPTER X
SOME DATA UPON TRE COST OF TUNNELING
Cost of hand-drilling in shaft-sinking-Cost of power-drilling in shaftwork-Cost of drifting and cross-cutting-Cost of diamond-drill work-Cost of square-set mine timbering-Cost of mine hauling by compressed air-Cost of concrete tunnel lining-Cost of water-hauling vs. pumping in mines-Cost of driving a mine-heading-Cost of tunnel driving and steam-shovel work 186
CHAPTER XI
THE VENTILATION OF TUNNELS
The principles of artificial ventilation-The Saccardo system-Ventilation methods in the Boston Subway-The East Boston tunnel, the Baltimore and Potomac tunnel, the Paris-Orleans Railway, the Pennsylvania Avenue Subway, the Simplon tunnel 201
CHAPTER XII AIR-LOCKS
The general purpose of air-locks-Their location-The limits of human endurance under compressed air-Effect of compressed air upon the workman-Compressed-air hospital locks-The O'Rourke airlock-Mirabeau bridge air-lock-The Hughes air-lock-Hyde Park tunnel air-lock-Morison air-lock-Victoria bridge air-lock-Airlocks at Kiel dry-dock 213
CHAPTER XIII
TUNNEL NOTES
The freezing process for shaft-sinking in wet ground-Its application at Ronnenberg and Iron Mountain-Tunnel rock temperatures-Definition of quicksand-Making water-tight concrete-The hand-auger in prospecting work-Tunnel cross-section instrument-Coxe plummet lamp 236
CHAPTER XIV
The construction of the Simplon tunnel-Water-works tunnel at Cincinnati, Ohio-Telephone and freight transportation tunnels in Chicago 250
APPENDIX
Glossary of some of the more unusual terms used in tunneling 301
PREFACE
The practice of tunneling, in many of its important features, has been radically changed within a comparatively short period by the introduction of high explosives, by the use of machine drills, by special appliances for handling the debris or protecting the roof of the tunnel, and by the employment of electric power and light. As a consequence of these innovations, much that was useful to the engineer and to the contractor in the older works upon tunneling is now out of date; and with this in view, the present work has been compiled.
As to methods to be pursued, it is unnecessary to tell the practicing engineer that each piece of tunnel work is practically a problem calling for individual solution. No broad rules can be laid down which will cover all possible conditions, though some general principles for guidance can be formulated. In the arrangement of this work, therefore, especial effort has been made to present modern practice in tunneling under as many varying conditions as possible, and to clearly and concisely describe the methods actually adopted in carrying on the work under certain controlling conditions.
The material used is very largely taken from the detailed descriptions of modern tunnel work as these are found in the pages of technical journals and in the proceedings of engineering societies, supplementing this by the personal experience of engineers and contractors who do not usually make a formal record of this experience. Illustration is very freely employed, because it frequently tells more than can be expressed in the text alone. And in every case the description of any especial method is prefaced by a brief statement of the physical conditions which called for some particular treatment. It is believed that the examples selected' cover a wide range of practice. As only typical modern cases have been cited, no attempt has been made to include every important tunnel. The field is too wide, in fact, to be intelligently covered in any one book.
The instrumental work, or surveying, connected with tunneling, differs very little from that common to all larger public works, and as many special textbooks are devoted solely to the use and care of engineering instruments, what is here said upon that subject is intended simply as a general statement of the processes involved and of their sequence.
The composition, nature and use of modern explosives have been treated at considerable length; but here again, much has been left out that was considered as having little or no useful bearing upon modern practice in tunnel building.
The writer acknowledges his indebtedness for some of the material here used, to Mr. Drinker's monumental work upon tunneling, published in 1878. And he has also freely used the comprehensive handbook upon explosives, written by Mr. M. Eisler, and the excellent manual on the care and handling of explosives prepared by Prof. Courtenay De Kalb, for the Ontario Bureau of Mines.
D. McN. STAUFFER. New York City, Dec. I, 1905.
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