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Metallurgy of Cast Iron by Thomas West 16th edition 1907
Metallurgy of Cast Iron by Thomas West
Hard Cover
Copyright 1907
631 pages
16th edition
Metallurgy of Cast Iron
A Complete
Exposition of the Processes involved in its Treatment, Chemically and Physically, from the Blast Furnace through the Foundry to the Testing Machine
A Practical Compilation of Original Research By THOMAS D. WEST
Expert Iron Moulder and Foundry Manager: Member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American and International Society for Testing Materials, American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Cleveland Engineering Society. Honorary Member of the American Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia Foundrymen's Associations. President of The American Foundrymen's Association, June 1905 to June 1906. Author of "American Foundry Practice" "Molders Text Book" "Instruction Papers on Founding for The International Correspondence Schools,' and originator of the A. F. A. Standardized Drillings taken over by the United States Government in 1905
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
TREATS OF MANUFACTURE AND USE OF COKE-PROPERTIES IN ORES - OPERATIONS OF BLAST FURNACES-THE DIFFERENT BRANDS OF PIG IRON AND HOW TO PURCHASE AND USE THEM INTELLIGENTLY.
CHAP.PAGE.
1. The Manufacture and Properties of Coke, i
2. Properties of Ores used in Making Cast Iron,
3. Construction of Blast Furnaces,
4. Lining and Drying Blast Furnaces,
5. Operating Blast Furnaces and Reduction of Ores, . .
6. Cause and Evils of Scaffolding and Slips in Furnaces,
7. Composition and Utility of Fluxes,
8. Fluxing and Slagging out Blast Furnaces, 9. Cold and Hot Blast vs. Combustion,
1o. Effects of Blast Temperatures in Driving Furnaces. . .
11. Methods in Working Brick and Iron Stoves in Creating
Hot Blast,
12. Tapping out and Stopping up Furnaces and Cupolas, .
13. Moulding and Casting Sand and Chilled Cast Pig Iron and Open Sand Work, 99
14. Making Chilled or Sandless Pig Iron and its Advantages, 113
15. Utility of Direct Metal for Founding, 117
16. Banking Furnaces and Cupolas, 121
20. Different Kinds of Pig Iron Used and Definition of Brand
and Grade, 144
21. Grading of Pig Iron by Analyses, 148
22. Difference in Utility of Bessemer from Foundry Iron for Making Castings '57
23. Charcoal vs. Coke and Anthracite Irons and some pe-
culiar brands, 16o
24. The Deceptive Appearances of Fractures in Pig Iron, . 163
1-5. Impracticability of Hardness Tests for Grading Pig Iron, 175
26. Origin and Utility of Standardized Drillings 18o
27. Intelligent Purchase and Sampling of Pig Iron, . . . 194
PART II.
ELEMENTS IN CAST IRON AND THEIR PHYSICAL EFFECTS- UTILITY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND HOW TO USE THEM IN MAKING THE DIFFERENT MIXTURES OF IRONS USED IN MAKING GRAY AND CHILLED CASTINGS.
CHAP.PAGE.
28. The Metallic and Non-Metallic Elements of Cast Iron, . 202
29. Chemical and Physical Properties of Cast Iron, 205
30. Affinity of Iron for Sulpnnr and Its Strengthening
Effects 223
3r. Effects of Adding Phosphorus to Molten Iron, 226
32. Effects of Variation of Manganese in Different Irons, 233
33. Effects of Variations of Total Carbon in Iron, 246
34. Evils of Excessive Impurities in Iron, 249
35. Character of Specialties made of Cast Iron, 252
36. Methods for Calculating the Analyses of Mixtures, 255
37. Effects of different Metalloids on Chilled Castings, 258
38. Mixtures for Chilled Rolls, Car Wheels, etc , 263
39. Mixtures for Heavy and Medium Gray Iron Castings, 273
40. Mixtures for Light Machinery and Stove Plate Castings, 281
41. Mixtures for Dynamos and other Electrical Work Castings, 284
42. Mixtures for White Iron Castings and Effects of An
TABLE OF CONTENTS.V
CHAP.PAGE.
45 Chemical Changes made in Iron by Remelting it, . . a 302
46. Loss of Iron by Oxidation and Slagging out, 309
47. Comparative Fusibility and the Melting Point of Different Irons 323
4S. Aluminum Alloys in Cast Iron 357
PART III.
PROPERTIES OF AND METHODS FOR TESTING MOLTEN IRON-DISCLOSES PHENOMENA IN THE ACTIONS OF COOLING METAL, ETC.-PRESENTS RESULTS OF TESTS IN ALL KINDS OF IRONS AND BEST METHODS FOR TESTING.
CHAPPAGE.
Methods for Melting Iron to Test its Physical Qualities, 362
63. Operating Testing Machines,
64. Round vs. Square Test Bars,
65. Evils of Casting Test Bars Flat,
66. Physical Tests for the Blast Furnace and their Value, 495
67. Appliances and Methods for Casting Test Bars, 512
63. Moulding, Swabbing, and Pouring Test Bars, 523
69. Utility of the Test Bar - Standard Methods for Testing, 528 7o. Methods of Casting and Compilation of Results of American Foundrymen's Association's Tests,
71. A Process for Brazing Cast Iron. and Etching, 585
Judging of and Testing Molten Iron,
Effects of Variations in the Fluidity of Metals, Specific Gravity of Vertical-Poured Castings, Expansion of Iron at the Moment of Solidification, . . . 382
Effect of Expansion on Shrinkage and Contraction, . 386
Stretching Iron and Contraction Rules, 418
Utility of Chill Tests, and Methods for Testing Hardness, 432 Utility of Transverse, Crushing, Impact Tests, and
Testing Car Wheels, 439
Achieving Uniform Records and Utility of Tensile Tests, 449
Contraction vs. Strength of Cast Iron, . 451
Comparison of Strength in Specialty Mixture
SELECTED TABLES OF UTILITY FOR FURNACE AND
FOUNDRY WORK.
TABLE.PAGE.
128. Net Weight of Sand Pig per Ton of 2,268 pounds, . . . 539
129. Net Weight of Chilled Pig Iron per Ton of 2,240 pounds, 590
130. Chemical Symbols and Atomic Weights, , . . . . . . 591
131. Value in Degrees of Centigrade for Each zoo Degrees Fahr... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Units of Heat and Heat of Combustion,
Scale of Temperatures by Color of Iron,
Melting Point of Metals,
Relative Conductivity of Metals for Heat and Electricity-, 593 Specific Gravity and Weight of Metals, per Cubic Inch 593 Ultimate Resistance of Metals to Tension in Pounds per Square Inch . . 594
138. Strength of Different Kinds of Woods, . . . . . . . . 594
139. Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch, 594
Index
SUBJECTS ENLARGING THE FOURTEENTH EDITION.
Preface to Fourteenth Edition, xxiv
Where to Obtain Standards and Specifications for Pig
Iron and Castings, xxiv
Notes on the Author's Most Recent Experiments and
Researches, xxiv
Condemnation of Unjust Literary Practices,xxv
Present Use of By-Product Coke, 6
Advantages of High Carbon in Coke, Ig
Foot Note on the Gayley Dry Blast Process, 70
Advisability of Considering the Total Carbon in Mixtures, 133
Segregation of Sulphur and Manganese in Castings,138
Qualities in Strictly Pure Iron, 219 Recent Production and Use of Ferro-Phosphorus, 228 Increase to Character of Specialties in Founding, 254 Notes on Experiments of Titanium and Vanadium . 260
A Regular Mixture for Car Wheels, 272
David McLain's Semi-Steel, 301
The Volume Relation of White and Gray Cast Iron,371
Non-Expansion of White Iron by Repeated Heatings,431
Brinell and Scleroscope Hardness Testing Machines438
Similar Defects Existing in Chilled Iron and Steel Car
Wheels, 445
For Testimonials on and Price of This Work, see
PREFACE TO FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS.*
This work is written with a view to its value not only to the founder, the moulder, the blast furnace-man, the chemist, and the engineer, but also to the designer, the draftsman, the pattern-maker, the college specialist, and all that may in any manner be desirous of obtaining a practical knowledge of cast iron in its application to founding or any allied interests.*
In compiling this volume, the author has been guided by a broad experience as a moulder and founder in loam, dry, and green sand work, in the various specialties of founding, all of which require a knowledge of the subject as a whole in order to arrive at correct conclusions on questions pertaining to cast iron.
A factor which has also aided the author in presenting this volume is that of being closely surrounded, while managing an iron foundry, by blast furnaces, thus affording him every opportunity of making a close study of modern furnace methods and the principles involved in making iron. This has also enabled the author, as a foundryman, to determine wherein many principles involved in furnace practice can often be well utilized in constructing and operating cupolas, as well as in mixing iron.
* The numerous prefaces seen to follow this first one will
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