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History of Civilization, A 1715 to the Present Fifth Edition Soft Cover
History of Civilization, A 1715 to the Present Fifth Edition
Soft Cover See photos
928 pages
Copyright 1976
CONTENTS
Prefaceix
16 The Old Regime and the International Balance435
I THE PROSPECT IN 1715
II THE ECONOMIC "REVOLUTIONS"
Commerce and Finance
The Mississippi and South Sea Bubbles
Agricultural Improvements
The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution
III THE ESTABLISHED POWERS
Britain France
The Other States of Western Europe
Italy and Germany
Austria and the Hapsburgs
IV THE NEWCOMERS
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
Russia and Peter the Great
The Polish and Ottoman Victims
V WAR AND DIPLOMACY, 1713-1763
The Turkish and Polish Questions, 1716-1739
Jenkins' Ear and the Austrian Succession, 1739-1748
The Diplomatic Revolution and the Seven Years' War, 1756-1763
The International Balance in Review
17 The Enlightenment462
I INTRODUCTION
II THE PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR PROGRAM OF REFORM
French Leadership
Laissez Faire Economics
Justice and Education
The Attack on Religion
Political Thought
III THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
Frederick the Great
Maria Theresa, Joseph II, and Leopold II
Charles III, Pombal, Gustavus III
The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism
IV RUSSIA, 1725-1825
The Fate of the Autocracy, 1725-1762
Nobles and Serfs, 1730-1762
Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
Paul, 1796-1801, and Alexander I, 1801-1825
Foreign Policy, 1725-1796
V GEORGE III AND AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
Background of the American Revolt
Implications of the Revolution
VI CHALLENGES TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Philosophesand Philosophers
Pietists and Methodists
Literature
Music
18 The French Revolution and Napoleon494
I INTRODUCTION
The Clergy and the Nobility
The Third Estate The Financial Emergency
The Estates General
II THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
III THE DISSOLUTION OF THE MONARCHY
Popular Uprisings, July-October 1789
Forging a New Regime Reforming the Church
The Constitution of 1791
The Legislative Assembly
IV THE FIRST REPUBLIC
Gironde and Mountain
The Reign of Terror
The Thermidorean Reaction
V NAPOLEON AND FRANCE
Bonaparte's Early Career
Brumaire
Consulate and Empire
Law and Justice
Religion and Education Economics
VI NAPOLEON AND EUROPE
The War, 1800-1807
The Tilsit Settlement
The Satellites
The Continental System
The Peninsular War
German National Awakening
The Russian Campaign
The Downfall
VII THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTION
19 Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1815-1850531
I INTRODUCTION
II THE ROMANTIC PROTEST
An Age of Feeling and of Poetry
The Return to the Past
Music The Arts
Religion and Philosophy
The Romantic Style
III THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE
The Congress of Vienna
The Persistence of Revolution, 1820-1823
Serbian and Greek Independence
The Decembrist Revolt in Russia
IV THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830
France
Belgium
Poland
Italy and Germany
The Lessons of 1830
V THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
France
Italy
Germany
The Hapsburg Domains
"The People's Springtime"?
20 The Industrial Revolution563
I INTRODUCTION
II THE STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
Britain Takes Off
Cotton Manufacture and the Steam Engine
Coal and Iron
Transport and Communication
Money, Banking, and Limited Liability
Others Take Off
III THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
The Agricultural Revolution
The Population Explosion and the Standard of Living
Middle-Class Grievances and Aspirations
Working-Class Grievances and Hopes
IV THE RESPONSES OF LIBERALISM
"The Dismal Science"
Bentham and Utilitarianism
Mill and Humanitarian Liberalism
V THE SOCIALIST RESPONSES
The Utopians
Fourier and Owen
Louis Blanc
Marx, Engels, and "The Communist Manifesto"
Marxism after 1848
VI APOSTLES OF VIOLENCEAND NONVIOLENCE
Blanquism and Anarchism
Proudhon and Mutualism
Christian Socialists and Christian Democrats
21 The Western Democracies in the Nineteenth Century588
I INTRODUCTION: DEMOCRACIES LARGE AND SMALL II BRITAIN, 1815-1914
Parliamentary Reform
Liberals, Conservatives, and the Two-Party System
Reforms of the Utilitarians Labor, Education, and the Army
Foreign and Imperial Policy
The Irish Problem
Issues and Parties in the Early Twentieth Century
III FRANCE: SECOND EMPIRE AND THIRD REPUBLIC
The Second Empire: Constitution and Economy
Napoleon III's Foreign Policy
The Liberal Empire
The Birth of the Third Republic
Boulanger, Panama, and Dreyfus
A More Republican Republic
IV ITALY, 1848-1914
Cavour and Garibaldi Assets and Liabilities of United Italy
Frustrated Empire-Building
V THE UNITED STATES
The Federal Union Civil War and Reconstruction
Free Enterprise and Government Regulation
The Myth of Isolation
22 Central and Eastern Europe
To the Outbreak of World War I618
I INTRODUCTION
II GERMANY, 1850-1914 Prussia and the German Confederation, 1850-1859
Bismarck Comes to Power
The Schleswig-Holstein Question, 1863-1865
War with Austria, 1866 The North German Confederation
Showdown with France The German Empire
Domestic Developments, 1871-1878
Domestic Developments, 1878-1890 William II
Domestic Tensions, 1890-1914
III THE HAPSBURG MONARCHY, 1850-1914
Character of the Empire Political Experiments, 1850-1867
The Dual Monarchy, 1867 The Czechs
Poles and Ruthenians Other Minorities in Austria
Minorities in Hungary: Slovaks, Romanians, South Slays
Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina
Austrian Society and Politics, 1867-1914
Hungarian Society and Politics, 1867-1914
IV RUSSIA, 1825-1914
Character of the Empire Nicholas I (1825-1855) The Crimean War
Alexander II and ReformRussian Intellectual Life
Nihilism, Populism, Terrorism
Foreign Policy under Alexander II
The Reaction, 1881-1904 The Russo-Japanese War
The Revolution of 1905 The Dumas, 1906-1914
V CONCLUSION
23 The Intellectual Revolution of the Nineteenth Century650
I INTRODUCTION: AN AGE OF SCIENCE
II DARWINISM "The Origin of Species"
"The Warfare of Science with Theology" Social Darwinism
Racism A New Historical Determinism
III LITERATURE AND THE ARTS
The Victorian Age
Realistic and Naturalistic Fiction
The Literature of Pessimism and Protest Poetry
Painting, Academic and Realistic
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
The Other Arts Music
IV PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL THOUGHT
Comte and Positivism Idealism and Realism
The Revolt against Reason Intensifies
The Reaction against Democracy Elitism
"The Century of Hope"
24 Nineteenth-Century Imperialism671
I INTRODUCTION
New Elements in Imperialism
The Powers and Areas Involved
II THE BRITISH EMPIRE
South Africa Egypt
Other British Colonies and Spheres of InfluenceIndia
III THE OTHER EMPIRES The French The Germans The Italians and Belgians The Americans The Japanese
IV SOME CONSEQUENCES OF IMPERIALISM
The Debate over Imperialism: The Defense
The Debate over Imperialism: The Attack
The Colonies of White Settlement The Results Reviewed
25 The First World War695
I INTRODUCTION
II CAUSES OF THE WAR
The Shift in the Balance of Power
The Role of Public Opinion
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
A Decade of Crises, 1905-1914
The Final Crisis, July-August 1914
The Entry of Other Powers
III THE COURSE OF THE WAR
Resources of the Belligerents
The Western Front: German Offensive The Eastern Front
The Italian Front The Dardanelles and the Balkans
The Near East and the Colonies The War at Sea
The Western Front: Allied Victory
Morale on the Fighting Fronts The Home Fronts
Propaganda and Politics
IV THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS
The Aftermath of World War I
Problems, Promises, and Expectations
The Process of Peacemaking The Territorial Settlement
The Punishment of Germany The Settlement Evaluated
26 Communist Russia, 1917-1941723
I INTRODUCTION
II THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917
The Immediate Background The March Revolution
The Provisional Government Lenin and Bolshevism
The Coming of the November Revolution
The Constituent Assembly
III WAR COMMUNISM AND NEP, 1917-1928
War Communism Civil War Why the Reds Won
NEP ("The New Economic Policy")
The Struggle for Power: Stalin against Trotsky
The Struggle for Power: Stalin's Victory
IV STALIN'S SUPREMACY: RUSSIAN INTERNAL AFFAIRS,
1928-1941Collectivized AgricultureIndustrialization
The Social Impact The Purge Trials
The Authoritarian State The Russian Thermidor
V SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY, 1918-1941
Foreign Office and Comintern, 1918-1928
Stalin and the West, 1928-1939
Stalin and the Second World WarVI CONCLUSION
27 The Rise of Fascism, 1918-1939752
I INTRODUCTION
II ITALY AND FASCISM The Setting
Mussolini's Early Career Mussolini's Rise to Power The "March" on Rome The Fascist Dictatorship The Corporative State Other Fascist Domestic Policies Fascist Foreign Policy and its Consequences
III GERMANY AND THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC, 1918-1933
The Impact of Defeat
Postwar Political Alignments and Activities
The Weimar Constitution, 1919
Right and Left Extremism, 1920-1922
Hitler's Early CareerThe Inflation, 1922-1923
The Consequences of Inflation
The End of Inflation, 1923-1924
Recovery at Home, 1924-1929
"Fulfillment" Abroad, 1925-1930
The Impact of the Depression, 1929-1931
The Republic in Danger, 1931-1932
Hitler's Rise to Power, 1932-1933
IV GERMANY UNDER HITLER, 1933-1939
The Nazi Dictatorship Racism and Political Theory
The Bases of Foreign Policy
Legal and Economic Policies Religion and Culture
V THE FAILURE OF PARLIAMENTARIANISM IN SPAIN AND EASTERN EUROPE, 1918-1939
Spain: The Background
Birth of the Spanish Republic
Crisis of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936
The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 Eastern Europe
Austria Hungary Yugoslavia
Other Authoritarian Regimes Fascism in Review
28 The Democracies and the Non-Western World Domestic and Imperial Problems, 1919-1939782
I INTRODUCTION: A WORLD UNSAFE FOR DEMOCRACY
II GREAT BRITAIN The Postwar Economic Crisis
The Conservative and Labour Programs
Politics between the Wars The Irish Question
III FRANCE The Impact of the War
Social and Political Tensions
The Stavisky Case and the Popular Front Divided France
IV THE UNITED STATES
Isolationismand InternationalismBoomand Bust The New Deal
V THE LOOSENING OF IMPERIAL TIES
JapanRevolution in China
Nationalists, Communists, and the Japanese in China
Southeast Asia and India The Middle East
29 The Second World War804
I INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, 1919-1932
The "Era of Fulfillment"The Failure of "Fulfillment"
The Aggressors
II THE ROAD TO WAR, 1931-1939
The First Step: Manchuria, 1931
The Second Step: German Rearmament, 1935-1936
The Third Step: Ethiopia, 1935
The Fourth Step: The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
The Fifth Step: Anschluss, 1938
The Sixth Step: Czechoslovakia Dismembered, 1938-1939
The Final Step: Poland, 1939 Democratic Policy in Review
III THE NATURE OF THE WAR
IV EARLY SUCCESSES OF THE AXIS
Polish and Finnish Campaigns
"Phoney War" and Blitzkrieg in the West
"The Fall of France"The Battle of Britain Mediterranean and Balkan Campaigns The Invasion of Russia American Policy Pearl Harbor and After
V THE VICTORY OF THE UNITED NATIONS
The Turning Points The Battle of Supply
The Axis on the Defensive The Defeat of Germany
The Defeat of Japan The Allied Coalition Political Issues
30 The Cold War and Great-Power Domestic Policy, 1945-1970830
I THE COLD WAR
II THE MAJOR FREE-WORLD STATES The United States Canada Benelux and the Common Market Great Britain France West Germany The Other Western Countries
III THE COMMUNIST BLOC: THE USSR AT HOME Bureaucratic Problems Industry and Agriculture Education and the Arts
31 Great-Power Foreign Policy and the Emerging Nations, 1945-1970850
I SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY: THE LAST YEARS OF STALIN, 1945-1953Eastern Europe, Iran, Greece, and Berlin
The Yugoslav Rebellion Asia: The Korean War
Eastern Europe Berlin Again
U-2, The Berlin Wall, Testing, Cuba
After the Missile Crisis; Czechoslovakia
II THE USSR, CHINA, AND AMERICA IN ASIA, 1956-1970 Vietnam
III THE EMERGING NATIONS AND WORLD POLITICS The Fate of the Japanese Asian Empire India and Pakistan The Middle East
The Wars of 1956 and 1967: Continuing Crisis
Iraq, Iran, Turkey AfricaLatin America
The Cold War: Final Reflections
32 The World Since 1970876
I 1971-1972: THE ICE BEGINS TO CRACK
Nixon's Trip to China Repercussions: The USSR, Vietnam Repercussions: Japan and South Asia
The U.S. Election of 1972 and the Ceasefire in Vietnam East-West Din Europe: the Common Market Exception: The Middle East
II 1971-1972: THE NATIONS AT HOME
The Western Nations The USSR Africa, Latin America
III 1973-1974: FRUSTRATION AND DISARRAY IN THE WEST The United States: "Watergate"
The Changing of the Guard: Britain and Western Europe Overturn: Portugal and Greece
IV 1973-1974: INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS
The Middle East, Oil, and Energy
The USSR and the U.S.: Middle East and Far East
East and Southeast Asia Conclusion
33 Man's Fate in the Twentieth Century904
I INTRODUCTION: A CONFUSED AND CONFUSING AGE
II MAIN CURRENTS OF THOUGHT Psychology The Social Sciences Philosophy
III SCIENCE The Revolution in Physics Science and the Quality of Life
IV LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Literature Painting The Other Arts A Final Word
Index918
PREFACE
With this fifth edition A History of Civilization is available for the first time in a choice of paperback formatstwo volumes, with the break at 1715, and three volumes, breaking at about 1300 and 1815. Readers familiar with earlier hard-cover editions will find that their generous allotment of maps, the end-of-chapter reading suggestions, and most of their other features have weathered the paperback revolution; the illustrations have been selected with particular care to tie in closely with the text. Throughout the book we have endeavored to take account of new historical evidence and interpretations that have appeared since the fourth edition as well as of increasing student interest in social and cultural history. We have reorganized some chapters to attain greater clarity and coherence, and sharpened the introductory sections of many chapters to provide a simplified chart of a particular historical terrain before elaborating on its detailed typography.
To summarize the most significant changes: We have revised Chapter 1 in the light of recent archaeological finds and of advances in deciphering languages. Chapter 4 includes a new section on the immediate background of Christianity as well as added material on Augustine, the most celebrated of the early Church fathers. We have completely revamped the chapters on the medieval West to aid the reader's understanding of a complex and often bewildering period. Chapter 7 discusses the Church and ecclesiastical culture together with the great confrontation between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, and Chapter 8 the English and French monarchies plus secular literature. To enlarge the treatment of the forces that made possible the birth of modern western civilization, discussion of the burgeoning money economy has been shifted to chapter 11 (The Renaissance) from Chapter 10 (War and Politics in the Late Middle Ages). The much-debated crises of the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries receive augmented treatment in Chapters 10 and 15, respectively, and many sections on the arts are enriched, in Chapter 6 (Islam), 11 (Renaissance), 15 (Baroque) and 23 (19th century). We have added an entirely new chapter (32) on the major political developments since 1970 and have incorporated substantial new material in the final chapter (33) recapitulating the intellectual and cultural history of the twentieth century.
The successful completion of a complicated project requires help from many people. We wish to acknowledge our debt to our senior co-author, the late Crane Brinton, whose gift for catching the essential style of a civilization still informs this history; to readers who have taken the trouble to write down their specific suggestions for improving the text; and to the men and women of Prentice-Hall, Inc., for their patience and expertise in the lengthy process of converting manuscript into book form.
John B. Christopher Robert Lee Wolff
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