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Geology of New Jersey 1868 by George H Cook NO MAP Some loose pages
Geology of New Jersey 1868 by George H Cook
Hard Cover Front cover seaparted from the spine covering and book. Spine covering loose, some loose preface pages, some loose index pages, page 571 loose, Missing the map
899 pages
Copyright 1868
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION,
GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.
Boundaries1
Extreme latitudes and longitudes 2
Dimensions 3
Area 4
Population 15
Physical features-
Mountains 17
Valleys and Plains 21
Tide Marshes 23
Rivers 24
Lakes and Ponds 27
Bays 28
Climate 28
GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION.
Systems of Geological Classification 34
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Section 36
Azoic and Paleozoic Section 37
Geological Map 39
PART I,---Detailed Geology,
DIVISION I.-AZOIC FORMATION 43
CHAPTER I.-AGE AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 43
Age 43
Boundaries 44
First Belt 45
Second Belt 46
Third Belt 47
Fourth Belt d9
CHAPTER II.-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE 51
Axes and Dips 51
Strike - 54
Stratification 55
Pitch 55
Folds or Plications 58
Faults or Offsets 59
Veins and Dikes 60
Joints 62
CHAPTER III.-Rocks 64
Gneiss 64
Crystalline or Metamorphic Limestone309
Magnetic Iron Ore321
Azoic Rocks at Trenton322
Azoic Rocks at Jersey City323
Serpentine at Hoboken 325
CHAPTER IV-GEOLOGY OP THE SURFACE327
Soils 327
Drift Scratches 329
Boulders329
DIVISION II.-PALEOZOIC FORMATIONS. 70
CHAPTER I.-POTSDAM SANDSTONE 71
Age 72
Sandstone 74
Green-Pond Mountain Rocks 79
CHAPTER II.-MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE 90
Age 90
List of Limestone Tracts 91
Peapack and Mendham 92
Pottersville 94
Clinton 94
Little York and Spring Mills97
Amsterdam and Johnson's Ferry 97
German Valley 98
Middle Forge and Macopin 100
Musconetcong Valley102
Pohatcong Valley108
Belvidere112
Valley of the Pequest-Oxford Furnace to Vienna114
Lockwood and Roseville115
Sparta116
Vernon Valley118
Limestone of the southeastern portion of Kittatinny Valley121
Tracts of Limestone in the Slate Belt124
Valley of the Paulinskill125
Metamorphic Limestones128
CHAPTER III.-FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE 131
Age 131
Localities 132
CHAPTER IV.-HUDSON RIVER SLATE135
Geological Position135
Structure and Composition136
List of Slate Tracts 91
Musconetcong Valley 137
Pohatcong Valley 139
Slate Tracts in the Limestone of the Kittatinny Valley 139
Slate of Reding's Pond, etc 140
Kittatinny Valley141
Green-Pond Mountain143
Dike on the Blue Mountain 144
CHAPTER V.-ONEIDA CONGLOMERATE146
Geological Position146
Geographical Limits147
CHAPTER VI.-MEDINA SANDSTONE150
Geological Relations150
Rocks and Limits151
Paleozoic Rocks above the Medina Sandstone154
CHAPTER VII.-WATER-LIME155
CHAPTER VIII.-LOWER HELDERBERG LIMESTONE158
CHAPTER IX.-ORISKANY SANDSTONE 160
CHAPTER X.-CAUDA-GALLI GRIT162
CHAPTER XI.--ONONDAGA AND CORNIFEROUS LIMESTONE165
CHAPTER XII.-MARCELLUS SHALE 167
CHAPTER XIII.--GEOLOGY OF THE SURFACE 168
Soils168
Boulders169
Diluvial Scratches 169
Shell Marls .170
DIVISION -TRIASSIC FORMATION173
CHAPTER I -AGE AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 173
Age173
Thickness of Formation174
Boundaries 175
Trap Rocks. 176
Bergen Neck and Palisade Mountain176
Staten Island 178
Big and Little Snake Hills 178
First and Second Mountain 179
Packanack Mountain185
Towakhow or Hook Mountain186
Riker or Morehouse Hill186
Long Hill 186
Basking Ridge Trap 187
New Vernon and Loantaka188
Trap of the Ramapo Valley188
Trap of Lawrence Brook, Dean's Pond, Ten-Mile-Run Mt and Rocky Hill 189
Pennington Mountain190
Bald-Pate Mountain 190
Belle Mountain191
Sourland Mountain 191
Trap north of the Alexsocken Creek192
Point Pleasant Trap192
Pickles or Round Valley Mountain 193
Round Mountain 193
Trap of New Germantown and Silver Hill194
CHAPTER 11.-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE195
Stratification of the Sandstone195
Trap Rocks 202
CHAPTER III.-ROCKS 206
Details of Rocks 206
Minerals 218
CHAPTER IV.-GEOLOGY OF THE SURFACE .226
Soils 226
Diluvial Scratcheg 228
Boulders 229
Marshes and Meadows 230
DIVISION IV.-CRETACEOUS FORMATION239
CHAPTER I.-GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT 239
CHAPTER II.-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE 241
Divisions and Subdivisions 241
Strike 244
Dip245
Geological Age 246
CHAPTER III.-PLASTIC CLAYS 249
Geographical Limits .249
Soils 249
Subdivisions 250
Organic Remains 256
CHAPTER IV-CLAY MAULS 258
Geological Structure 258
Localities 259
Fossils260
CHAPTER V.-MARL BEDS 261
Detailed Description of the Different Beds263
Lower Marl Bed263
Red Sand267
Middle Marl Bed 269
Yellow Sand Bed273
Upper Marl Bed 275
Mechanical Analyses of Greensand277
Glauconite, Vivianite and Amber279
CHAPTER VI.-GEOLOGY OF THE SURFACE284
DIVISION V.-TERTIARY AND RECENT FORMATIONS288
CHAPTER I.-AGE AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT288
Age288
Boundaries289
CHAPTER II.-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE291
Drift Gravel292
Glass Sand293
Miocene Clay 294
Micaceous Sand298
Brown Clay298
Recent Formations298
Upland Border299
Tide Marshes300
Beaches303
PART IL-Historic Geology
Azoic Formation 331
Paleozoic Formations335
Triassic Formation336
Cretaceous Formation 339
Denudation and Drift340
Peat and Shell Marl342
Elevation and Subsidence 343
Common and characteristic Fossils of the Marl Beds374
PART III,-Economic Geology.
DIVISION I-FERTILIZERS 378
CHAPTER I.-GENERAL STATEMENT.-SOILS378
CHAPTER II.-LDIESTONES AND LIME387
General Remarks 387
Magnesian Limestones392
Fossiliferous Limestones396
Crystalline Limestones 400
Oyster-shell Lime405
Lime-burning 406
CHAPTER III.-GREENSAND MARL414
SECTION I. Clay Marls 414
SECTION II. Analyses of Marls417
Marls of Eastern Monmouth417
Western Monmouth and Ocean County Group 432
Burlington County Marls434
Camden and Gloucester County Marls 436
Salem County Marls438
SECTION III. General Statements regarding the use of Marl442
SECTION IV. Modes of applying Marl and its effects445
SECTION V. Causes of the fertilizing action of Marl, and its commercial value 453
SECTION VI. Statistics of Marl, quantities and prices459
SECTION VII. Marl Digging462
SECTION VIII. Historical notice of the Greensand Marl as a Fertilizer468
CHAPTER IV.-MIOCENE MARL471
CHAPTER V.-SHELL AND OTHER CALCAREOUS MARLS474
Localities 474
Use as a Manure 476
Analyses of Shell Marls and Travertine479
CHAPTER VI.-PEAT481
CHAPTER VII.--MARINE PRODUCTS487
Marsh Mud 487
Sea Weed489
King-crabs or Horse-feet491
Fish 495
Mussels 499
Oyster and Clam Shells501
DIVISION U.-BUILDING MATERIALS 502
CHAPTER I.-BUILDING STONES 502
Gneiss502
Sandstone of the Potsdam Period508
Sandstone of the Triassic Formation 504
Medina Sandstone 512
Oneida Conglomerate513
Limestones . 513
Brown Sandstone516
CHAPTER II.-SLATES, FLAGS, AND PAVING STONES518
Slate Quarries519
Flagstones520
Paving-stone 522
CHAPTER III.-LIMES AND CEMENTS 524
Limes 524
Cements525
CHAPTER IV.-BRICK AND TILE MATERIALS 528
Brick Clays528
Concrete Bricks 529
DIVISION III.-ORES 532
CHAPTER I.--IRON ORES 532
Magnetic Iron Ores 532
Geological occurrence and properties of the iron ores533
Geographical distribution of the magnetic iron ores539
List of Mines of magnetic iron ore 540
Description of Iron Mines 544
Hematitic Iron Ores661
Specular Iron-Red Hematite 661
Brown Hematites-Limonite662
Bog Iron Ore-Meadow Ore664
CHAPTER II. ZINC ORES669
CHAPTER HI.-COPPER ORES 675
CHAPTER IV.--ORES OF LEAD, GOLD, NICKEL 681
Lead 681
Gold 682
DIVISIOIN IV.-MANUFACTURERS' MATERIALS AND USEFUL PRODUCTS683
CHAPTER I.--CLAYS 683
Porcelain or China Clay, etc 683
Pottery 685
Alum Clay 687
Paper Clay 687
Potters' Clay 688
CHAPTER II.-SAND FOR GLASS-MAKING, MOLDING, ETC 690
Glass-sand 690
Molding-sand 692
Sand for Furnaces and Dinas Bricks693
Artificial Stone 694
CHAPTER III.-FOSSIL FUEL 696
Bituminous Coal696
Lignite or Brown Coal 696
Peat 698
CHAPTER IV.-WATER 701
Well Waters 701
Analyses of River and Well Waters702
Mineral Springs 708
CHAPTER V.-MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS 709
Sulphate of Baryta709
Graphite, Plumbago, or Black Lead 710
Manganese 711
Molybdenum711
Greensand for Chemical uses712
Iron Pyrites712
SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER714
CRANBERRY LANDS SOILS AND SUBSOILS OF EAST AND WEST PLAINS; COPROLITES 713
Cranberry Lands 714
Soils and Subsoils of East and West Plains718
Coprolites719
APPENDIX,
A. Synopsis of Invertebrate Fossils by T. A. Conrad721
B. Synopsis of Extinct Reptilia by E. D. Cope, A.M 733
C. Synopsis of Extinct Mammalia by E. D. Cope, A.M739
D. List of Minerals by Rev. E. Seymour 743
E. List of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey, by Dr. C. C. Abbott.751
F. List of Heights of Various Points in New Jersey831
G. Heights on Passaic River above Little Falls.
H. Meterological Tables, etc.
INDEX
PREFACE
THE Geological Surveys of New Jersey were ordered by the Legislature for the purpose of making known to the Public our Agricultural, Mineral, and Manufacturing resources. The first Survey was authorized by the Legislature of 1835, and was organized by Governor Peter D. Vroom, and made by Prof. Henry D. Rogers. The results of this Survey were published in a report of progress in 1836, and a Final Report in 1840.1- The latter is an octavo volume of 301 pages. It describes nearly all our formations, and gives a full and fair description of our mines, minerals, and other useful products, as they were developed at the time. The report was one of the best that had then been made in the United States, and is worthy of Prof. Rogers' eminent abilities in his department of science. In 1854 a second and more detailed survey was ordered. This Survey was organized by Governor R. M. Price, and was carried on by Dr. Wm. Kitchell, Superintendent and Geologist; Gen. E. L. Viele, State Topographical Engineer ; Geo. H. Cook, Assistant Geologist ; T. N. Conrad, Paleontologist ; and Henry Wurtz, Chemist and Mineralogist. This Survey was continued through the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, and full reports of the progress of the work during those years were published annually, and were widely distributed4 At the beginning of 1857, this Survey was closed through failure of the appropriations necessary for its continuance. The Legislature of 1864 revived the Geological Survey, and made the appropriations necessary for its completion. It also appointed the present Board of Managers, and Geologist in the Act. The Survey was organized and put in operation by Governor Joel Parker, and has been continued under his presidency and that of Governor Marcus L. Ward, to the present time, and annual reports* of progress have been made.
The results of these surveys bear testimony to the wisdom of those who originated them, and to the advantages of the policy which furnishes the public with full information regarding our resources.
New Jersey has unequalled advantages in location, soil, and climate. Up to 1840 these advantages do not seem to have been appreciated or much improved. The population only doubled between 1790 and 1840, while that of the United States increased more than fourfold ; and the increase in wealth was still more disparaging. Between 1840 and 1850 the state increased thirty-one per cent. in population, while the United States increased thirty-six per cent. From 1850 to 1860 there was an increase of thirty-seven and one-fourth per cent. in New Jersey, and of thirty-five and a half per cent. in the United States. Since 1860 the increase has been equally rapid, and at this time the total number of inhabitants is not less than 850,000, which is one hundred and twelve to the square mile-a density of population only exceeded by Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
The increase in population has been most rapid in the vicinities of New York and Philadelphia, and in our manufacturing towns ; but there has also been a large increase in the more thinly-settled agricultural districts. It is a remarkable circumstance that in the older settled counties there is a rapid increase in taxable property and in the value of agricultural products, and not much ;increase in population. This is undoubtedly due to the improvements in management, to the use of fertilizers in larger quantity, and to the introduction of labor-saving implements. Farms without number can be shown which produce from two to four times as much as formerly, and on which there is no increase in the amount of labor employed.
Farm lands have increased in value from year to year, and the price per acre is higher than in any other of the states, as is seen by the following abstract from the estimates of the Department of Agriculture for 1868 :
Prices of Land per Acre.
1850.1860.1867.
New Jersey $43.67$60.40$78.00
New York 29.0038.0048.00
Pennsylvania 27.3339.0049.00
Delaware 19.7531.0051.00
Connecticut 30.5036.0043.00
Rhode Island 30.8237.0044.00
Massachusetts 32.5234.0040.00
The annual value of our farm products is steadily and rapidly on the increase. With the stimulus of good markets and high prices, the use of fertilizers has increased to a remarkable extent. The following statistics of marl transported on railroads this year will give some idea of the growth of this trade, for scarcely anything was done in transporting marl farther than teams could haul it, until about 1854 :
Table
West Jersey Marl Company 50,000 tons.
Camden and Atlantic Railroad 8,000 "
Pemberton Marl Company30,000 "
Cream Ridge Marl Company, in two months 7,000 "
Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad14,000 "
Squankum Marl Company 25,000 "
134,000 tons.
The Cream Ridge Marl Company has just commenced with a capacity for delivering 50,000 tons a year. The Freehold and Squankum Marl Company have just completed their railroad, and are now able to send marl to the extreme ends of the state, and can deliver from 50,000 to 100,000 tons a year. The Burlington County Marl Company, at Vincentown, are pre= paring to deliver marl by rail next year.
The use of it in the neighborhood of the pits continues to be very large. The Messrs. Dickinson, at Woodstown, Salem County, have dug by machinery this year, and sold to farmers 13,000 tons. This fertilizer is our cheapest mineral manure, and the importance of having it conveyed cheaply by railroad to all parts of the state can hardly be overestimated. Where-ever it has been freely used it has entirely changed the faces of the fields, and brought forward an improved and thrifty agriculture.
New Jersey, though twentieth in population, is sixth in the value of its manufactures, and is yet capable of producing food for all its people, and in value of crops it does so-if it does not in kind.
The value of manufactured articles is steadily on the increase. Newark is the third city in the Union in the value of its manufactured products. The potteries of Trenton are more extensive than any others in our country. The glass manufacture is very large. More than half the zinc products in the Union are mined and manufactured in New Jersey. About one-eighth of all the iron of the country is taken from our mines, and the state stands fifth in the amount of iron made.
The growth of the iron manufacture in this state is interesting. A comparison of this business in 1790, 1830, and 1867, gives some idea of the remarkable growth of this branch of manufacture.
The statement for 1790 is from Morse's Geography, 1st edition :
"The iron manufacture is of all others the greatest source of wealth to the state. Iron works are erected in Gloucester, Burlington, Morris, and other counties. E-he mountains in the county of Morris give rise to a number of streams necessary and convenient for these works and at the same time furnish a copious supply of wood and ore of a superior quality. In this county are no less than seven rich iron mines, from which might be taken ore sufficient to supply the United States; and to work it into iron are two furnaces, two rolling and slitting mills, and about thirty forges, containing from two to four fires each. These works produce annually five hundred and forty tons of bar-iron, eight hundred tons of pigs, besides large quantities of hollowware, sheet-iron, and nail-rods in the whole state it is supposed there is yearly made about twelve hundred tons of bar-iron, twelve hundred ditto of pigs, eighty of nail-rods, exclusive of hollowware and various other castings, of which vast quantities are made."
The following statement of the condition of the iron manufacture of New Jersey forty years later, or in 1830, is taken from Gordon's Gazeteer : " Twelve of the twenty-eight furnaces are blast furnaces, employed in making iron from the ore ; the remainder are cupola furnaces, used in the reduction of pig and other metal to castings. The furnaces of New Jersey, by the report of the committee of the tariff convention, holden in New York, October, 1831, produced in 1830, 1,671 tons of pig-iron, and 5,615 tons of castings ; and her 108 forges, 3,000 tons of bar iron.
The first, valued at $30 the ton, yields $50,130
The second, at6044 336,000
The third, at90"" 270,000
Making , $657,030
for her manufacture of iron in pigs, castings and bars. This iron, however, is further improved in value by the aid of ten rolling and slitting-mills, sixteen cupola-furnaces, and the extensive machine-shops of Paterson. And we shall not, we presume, underrate the annual value of the iron manufacture of the state when we state it at one million of dollars ; all of which is obtained from her mines, her forests and her labor ; not one cent of foreign, matter entering into the composition."
The amount of iron ore taken from our mines in 1867 was more than 300,000 tons. There was made in our furnaces, during 1867, of anthracite pig-iron 36,919 tons ; of charcoal pig-iron, 9,000 tons, and of bar-iron in bloomeries and forges, 5,980 tons. There was about 50,000 tons of iron worked in our rolling-mills the same year.
In prosecuting the survey, its practical objects have been constantly kept in mind. The results of the work thus far are here spread out. They have already by their partial publication in annual reports been of much service to the state. The trade in marl, the prospecting for iron ores, the improvement of our new lands, have all been benefited by them to an amount vastly beyond the cost of the survey. Every step in advance has opened new fields of inquiry, and now when the time has come for closing the work, and when the state may justly ask for an account of what has been done, we are obliged to leave a vast amount of unfinished material, and that which is most interesting and constantly tending to practical applications.
The analyses of subsoils from the magnesian limestone valleys of Warren and Sussex counties, as given on page 383, show the cause of the continued fertility of those valleys. The Great Valley in which they lie has been proverbial for its rich product of grain in our own state, and in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. The amount of phosphoric acid and of potash and soda in them is probably unexampled anywhere else. It was late in the season when these results were obtained, or the subject would have been pursued further. Soils should have been examined, and also the soils on adjoining rocks. It would have been interesting to answer the inquiries-How far have these rich soils been scattered by the drift? Are they worth transportation to other soils ? - What treatment will make them most active-liming, burning, composting, or simply thorough tillage ?
The analysis of Mr. Robbins' marl from near Sharptown, Salem County, as shown on page 440, is suggestive of further inquiry. It is not a greensand, and yet it is rich in phosphoric acid, and is an active fertilizer. Have we found all or even the richest of our mineral fertilizers ? This one is used by farmers. It is from the green earth under the Middle Marl Bed, and it is probable than many other places can be found as rich as this. It certainly appears to be of the same character in some places in Monmouth County, though it is not there used.
A new invention for turning cast-iron into wrought-iron by the use of oxides of iron, promises to revolutionize the iron manufacture. Half the fuel is saved, there is much less time and labor needed than by the old process, and the quality of the iron is better. Pure ore in considerable quantity is essential to the process. This must greatly increase the value of all our iron mines, and quicken the efforts to find new ores. What more can be done to develop this portion of our mineral wealth ? Should surveys like that of the group of iron mines near Dover be extended all over the iron-ore region, and maps be supplied at cheap rates to all who may wish them? Can the miner's compass be improved in its, construction, or made to give any more certain indications ? It now shows the existence of ore, and can be used to detect a fault in a vein of ore-can it be made to give any information as to quantity ? Some of the best ores in the state have once contained pyrites, which they have lost in the course of time and under the influence of air and moisture. Can these processes of nature be imitated and hastened, and all the ores containing sulphur be purified ? Westerman's furnace for roasting sulphurous ores is now in operation at Ringwood Iron Works. It purifies ores containing four per cent. of sulphur so that they work well in the blast-furnace.
In the agriculture of our state, can the great body of tide-meadows be profitably reclaimed, and their inexhaustible stores of fertility be made available? Will the continued agitation of this subject, and the publication of facts showing its advantages finally bring capitalists to undertake it ? How shall the state best prepare for this improvement which is sure to come?
In the large tracts of undrained ground in which the state has a heavy interest, can concerted action be secured for bringing them into cultivation ? The meadows on the Wallkill, the Pequest, the Paulinskjll and the Passaic are rich lands and comparatively unproductive, though lying in the midst of the finest parts of the state. The improvement must be made and the lands brought to the degree of productiveness which the best interests of the state demand. Upon the fall in the Passaic River, and the consequent rise and fall of water during freshets, much material has been collected. The results of these examinations are to be found in the Appendix. It is to be hoped that inquiries on this subject will be pursued and made public, until it is thoroughly understood, and the immense taxable property it would bring to the district-appreciated.
The changes along the shore of the ocean, by which some important inlets have been closed, are of national importance. The Cranberry Inlet opposite the mouth of Toms River was formerly a place of safety in storms for vessels coming on the coast. It has been closed for many years past, and the only access to Barnegat Bay is now through Barnegat Inlet. The number of wrecks on that shore and the consequent loss of life is much increased by this change. The bay is narrow and deep and the beach is quite narrow near the mouth of the Metedeconk. It would not be expensive to open an inlet at that point. Such an improvement would greatly diminish the perils of navigation* along that shore, and would shorten by many miles the outside water-passage to New York, for all the country along the bay. It would also furnish an outlet to part of the water of the bay, and so might diminish the force of the current at Barnegat Inlet, where it is now so rapid as to seriously threaten the destruction of the lighthouse by undermining. The attention of our members of Congress might well be called to this subject, as one worthy of Congressional action.
We have between one and two million acres of land in Southern New Jersey which is comparatively unimproved. Private enterprise is doing much for its development. Millions of money have been invested for its improvement within the last fifteen years, and thriving settlements have been formed. These pioneers deserve well of the state, and they should be furnished with every information and facility for pushing forward their improvements.
In the report which follows, much of the material has been obtained from others. The original work of Prof. Rogers was well done, and while the attempt has been made to give him credit for what has been taken from his report, it is not possible to estimate exactly the influence of his labors, or to tell how much he has smoothed the difficulties for those who came after him. Dr. Kitchell's results also have been largely used in preparing this report. His plans for the Survey were laid out on a very comprehenscale, and had he been allowed to carry them out, his work would have been a most valuable one to the state, and a monument to his scientific attainments. By his sudden death in the midst of his ,active duties, his notes and papers were left unarranged for publication. Quotations have been made from his annual reports and from those of his assistants, and we desire to acknowledge the valuable information received, and also to bear testimony to the importance of the three years of hard work which they spent in the service of the state, and for which, owing to the suspenof the Survey, they never received that public hearing and approval which they justly expected.
Extracts from the reports, of Prof. Henry Wurtz, the Chemist and Min, and of Ernest Hauesser, the Geological Assistant, te Dr. Kitchell, have been copied, in full, upon portions of the work which they had in charge; and these bear testimony to the minute and patient as well as able examination they were giving tb their departments of labor. The reports of Mr. E. D. Baldwin to Dr. Kitchell have also been found useful in prethis work. General E. L. Viele, the State Topographical Engineer, had completed the Topographical Survey and map of Cape May County, and had had it engraved when the work was suspended. The map of Suswas in the engraver's hands, and that of Monmouth was ready for the engraver ; and the surveys of Cumberland, Salem, Warren and Morris were well advanced at that time. These surveys have all been made available in the maps which are now presented. The extensive triangulations proas the basis for the accurate construction of the map, were not sufficiently perfected to be of any use, and the large amount of labor spent upon them was lost. This was a great disappointment to those engaged in the survey, and a source of regret to all who know the absolute necesfor accurate and reliable maps on which to delineate geological results.
In the present survey begun seven years after Dr. Kitchell's closed, the plan has been materially changed. The topographical survey has been omitted, and the geological work has been a general one, instead of making a separate report for each county and township of the state. In constructing the maps the Survey has had the materials prepared by Gen. Viele, in the former survey ; and through the favor of the United States Coast Survey has had the full use of all their work in New Jersey, both in their topographical surveys, and in the latitudes and longitudes of the many places they have determined. It has also had the benefit of the long experience of G. M. Hopkins, in conducting county surveys, and in constructing maps. All the maps except that of Ringwood were made by him, and to insure greater accuracy they have been submitted to the critical examination and correction of surveyors, landowners, and land-agents in different parts of the state. The maps are the best testimonial to Mr. Hopkins' work. The Ringwood Mines map was made by Major T. B. Brooks, and is a fine specimen of a survey of a district containing veins of magnetic iron ore.
The map of the Cretaceous Formation, was engraved by the late George Eimermann, of Philadelphia. The other maps were engraved by Julius Bien, of New York, and the illustrations were mostly made by photographic methods at the establishment of the New York Lithographic Engraving and Printing Company. The latter process is an interesting one, as it saves labor in reducing drawings, and does the work of the engraver by chemical means.
The chemical analyses put down in the report have been mostly made by E. H. Bogardus. He has devoted more than three years of steady work to this part of the report, pursuing his researches in the laboratory at New Brunswick.
It is proper to acknowledge the large share of this Survey which has been done by the Assistant Geologist, Prof. John C. Smock. He has traced out and put down on the map very nearly all the boundaries of the formations, and has done much of the other work of the Survey, and considerable portions of the report have been written by him. To the constant, careful and unwearied devotion of Mr. Smock and Mr. Bogardus to the interests of the Survey, a large share of its results is due.
Attention is called to the Appendix, comprising the following papers: A catalogue of invertebrate Cretaceous fossils found in New Jersey, prepared by T. A. Conrad, of Trenton, New Jersey ; a catalogue of vertebrate fossils from New Jersey, prepared by Prof. E. D. Cope, of Haddonfield ; and a catalogue of New Jersey minerals, by the Rev. E. Seymour, of Bloomfield. These catalogues prepared by men able in their several departments, add much to the value of the work.
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