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Geology and Engineering by Robert F Legget
Geology and Engineering by Robert F Legget
Hard Cover INSIDE FRONT COVER STAMPS AND SOMETHING WAS REMOVED,
650 pages
Copyright 1939
CONTENTS
EXPLANATORY NOTE ix
FOREWORD BY P. G. H. BOSWELL xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
PART I AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
CHAPTER I GEOLOGY: AN OUTLINE OF THE SCIENCE 3
Introduction-Early History-Some Pioneers-William Smith-The Science Today-Methods of `Investigation-Past Achievements and the Future-Applied Geology-Conclusion.
CHAPTER II THE COMPOSITION OF TILE EARTH'S CRUST 11
Introduction-Rocks-Minerals-Main Rock Groups-Igneous Rocks- Sedimentary Rocks-Metamorphic Rocks-Distinguishing Rock Types
CHAPTER III THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 25
Introduction-The Geological Cycle-Special Structural Features-Sedimentary Rock Bedding-Igneous Rock Features-Jointing-Folding -Faulting-Denudation-Unconformity-The Geological Succession-Palaeontology-Recent Changes.
CHAPTER IV GEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK AND MAPPING 41
Introduction-Geological Maps-Published Geological Maps-Topographic Maps-Field Equipment-Field Observations-Drift and Solid Geological Maps-Special Aids to Fieldwork-Method of Recording-Geological Sections-Interpretation of Geological Maps-Fossils- Photography.
PART II GEOLOGY AS APPLIED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER V THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND GEOLOGY 61
Introduction-The Science and the Art-Training in Geology-Practical Experience-Employment of Specialists-Geologists and Civil Engineering Work-Cooperation of Geologists and Civil Engineers-Geology and Topography-Planning and Design-Contract Plans and Specifications- Earth and Rock Excavation-Construction Operations-Inspection and Maintenance-Conclusion.
CHAPTER VI PRELIMINARY AND EXPLORATORY WORK 85
Introduction-Economics of Preliminary Work-Geological Surveys-Underground Exploratory Work-Exploratory Test Borings-Test Pits -Test Drilling-Special Exploratory Methods-Conducting Exploratory Work-Recording Exploratory Work-Interpretation of Exploratory Results-Utilization of Exploratory Results-Conclusion.
CHAPTER VII APPLIED GEOPHYSICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 115
Introduction-Magnetic Methods-Seismic Methods-Gravitational Methods-Electrical Methods-Applications in Civil Engineering-Geophysical Methods and Groundwater-Conclusion.
CHAPTER VIII TUNNELS 139
Introduction-Historical Notes-A General Note-Preliminary Work-Tunnels for New York-Tunnel Shapes and Linings-Pressure Tunnels-Construction Methods -Overbreak- Groundwater - Grouting -Construction Records-Conclusion.
CHAPTER IX OPEN EXCAVATION, EMBANKMENT FILLS AND RETAINING WALLS 182
Introduction-Open Excavation-Economics of Open Excavation-Open Excavation of Rock-Open Excavation of Unconsolidated Material-Open Excavation in Water-bearing Strata-Embankment Fill- and Dredging-Quarrying in Civil Engineering Practice-Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls.
CHAPTER X EARTH MOVEMENT AND LANDSLIDES 211
Introduction-Stability of the Earth's Crust-Earthquakes--Ground Subsidence-Landslides-Preventive and Remedial Work-The Stability of Earth Slopes-Rockfalls.
CHAPTER XI TRANSPORTATION ROUTES 247
Introduction-Route Location-Road-building Materials-Road Construction-Railways-Rivers-Canals-Docks and Harbors-Airports.
CHAPTER XII THE FOUNDATION OF BRIDGES AND COFFERDAM PROBLEMS 270
Introductory Historical Note-The Importance of Bridge Foundations-Special Preliminary Work-The Design of-Bridge Piers-The Design of Bridge Abutments-Some Special Features in Design-Some Construction Requirements-Cofferdam Construction-Inspection and Maintenance.
CHAPTER XIII THE FOUNDATION OF DAMS 304
Introduction-Historical Notes-Dam Failures-Review of Dam Construction-General Preliminary Work-Exploratory Work during Construction-Soundness of Bedrock-Possibility of Earth Movement-Permeability of Bedrock-Grouting of Foundation Beds-Dams on Permeable Foundation Beds-Materials of Construction-Construction Problems-Scouring below Spillways-Inspection and Maintenance.
CHAPTER XIV RESERVOIRS AND CATCHMENT AREAS 353
Introduction-Leakage from Reservoirs-Detection of Leakage-Prevention and Elimination of Leakage-Secondary Effects of Reservoir Flooding-Catchment Areas-Relation of Geology to Run-off.
CHAPTER XV EROSION AND SILTING 369
Introduction-Coastal Erosion-Littoral Drift-Erosion by Stream Flow-Transportation of Solid Material by Stream Flow-Silting up of Reservoirs-Erosion below Dams-River-training Problems-Silting of Deltas and Maintenance of Estuaries-Soil Erosion and Wind Action.
CHAPTER XVI WATER SUPPLY 414
Introduction-Historical Note-Sources of Water Supply-Water Supply from River Flow-Water Supply from Impounding Reservoirs-Unusual Sources of Supply-Quality of Surface Waters.
CHAPTER XVII GROUNDWATER 428
Introduction-Historical Note-Groundwater Characteristics-Influence of the Nature of Rocks-Quality of Groundwater-Influence of Geological Structure-Springs-Groundwater Surveys-Underground Dams-Wells and Boreholes-Salt Water. in Wells-Artesian Wells-Some Outstanding Groundwater Supply Systems-Underground and Surface Drainage-Replenishment of Groundwater-Conservation of Groundwater.
CHAPTER XVIII BUILDING FOUNDATIONS 474
Introduction-The Influence of Geological Conditions on Foundation Design-Subsidence of Buildings-The Influence of Groundwater on Foundation Design-Preliminary and Exploratory Work-Cooperative Subsurface Investigations-Building Regulations-Some Unusual Foundation Bed Conditions.
CHAPTER XIX MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 505
Introduction-Earth Dams-Puddle Clay-Bricks-Tile and Other Structural Clay Products-Building Stone-Limes and Plasters-Cements-Sands-Crushed Rock-Concrete.
CHAPTER XX SOILS AND SOIL MECHANICS 538
Introduction-Historical Note-Soil Mechanics-The Origin of Soils: Rock Weathering-Residual Soils-Transported Soils-Glacial Action and Glacial Deposits-Soil Characteristics-The Future of Soil Studies
PART III REFERENCE SECTION
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF GEOLOGICAL TERMS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED 587
APPENDIX B GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD 596
APPENDIX C GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND PERIODICALS 614
APPENDIX D REFERENCES CITED IN THE T 616
INDEX 633
FOREWORD By Professor P. G. H. BOSWELL, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Imperial College of Science and Technology, London)
In the realm of science, as in other spheres, background is an important factor. Its influence is especially apparent in borderline subjects, among which engineering geology may be properly placed. There are already several textbooks on this branch of geology-works which present conscientious expositions of geological principles, with appropriate expansions in particular directions; but they have been written by geologists and their background is obvious. Where engineering applications are discussed, in particular, they indicate what the geologist, from his rather different viewpoint, imagines that the engineer should know.
My own approach to the wide domain of engineering geology has been along geological paths, but such prospects of that interesting territory as my experience has afforded me have made me wish that it could be viewed through the eyes of an engineer.
When, therefore, I had the pleasure of reading the manuscript of Professor Legget's book, I recognized at once that this was the picture that I had long envisaged. This book is the work of an engineer with the additional training of a geologist, and I am convinced that it is planned on the right lines because it has the proper background. The necessary viewpoint can be attained only with great difficulty by a geologist, even when experienced as a consultant on engineering problems. The present volume will therefore fill a long-felt want, and may well serve as a foundation for other works on similar lines.
At present it is not unusual for a geologist to be asked to give advice after the engineer has begun his work. He has then to assist, or even to defend, a course of procedure that is already in progress-a task that is unnecessarily difficult because it involves the solution of problems that need not have arisen if he had been consulted in the first instance. Geological problems arise in most of the large-scale engineering undertakings, but their full significance is not always apparent in the early- stages. In such stages, careful records of natural conditions, such as overground and underground water, made during the progress of the work, would prove of inestimable value. Once man's handiwork has begun, the natural balance is disturbed, and it is then by no means easy to gain an accurate knowledge of original conditions. In many instances within my own experience I would have given much to know them, for only a knowledge of such conditions can enable a geologist to apprehend the problems that are likely to arise and to gauge the ultimate effects of the completed works.
An engineer trained in geology should be able to meet most of the difficulties that spring from earth structure, rock constitution, and water supply, and should also (which is really important) be able to decide when it is necessary to consult an expert. It is well known that adequate geological investigation of natural conditions in engineering undertakings in the past would have resulted in the saving of human life by the prevention of disasters; it has frequently been the means of effecting a considerable reduction in the cost of engineering works and of avoiding the trouble and expense of litigation.
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