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From T-2 to Supertanker Development of the Oil Tanker 1940-2000 by Andrew G Spyr
From T-2 to Supertanker Development of the Oil Tanker 1940-2000 by Andrew G Spyrou
Hard Cover w/ dust jacket
331 pages
Copyright 2006
CONTENTS
Prologue1
ONE
The T-2 Tanker during World War II and Beyond 3
Hull Structure of the T-2 tanker 6
The T-2 Tanker's Propulsion Machinery7
Phoenix: The Largest All-Welded Tanker, Built during World War II 10
TWO
The Suez CanalIts Influence on Oil Tanker Size 17
Increase in Tanker Size and Change in Profile 19
Development of the Supertanker 22
THREE
The Million-Ton Crude Oil Carrier (Projected) 36
Hull Design and Cargo Tank Configuration38
The Million-Tonner and the "Squat Phenomenon"44
Aesthetics: Deciding the Tanker's Profile 45
The ULCC Jahre Viking 46
The ULCC Batillus 46
Transporting Crude Oil Using the "Delta" System 47
A Two-Dimensional Enlargement of Crude Oil Carriers while Afloat 48
FOUR
Crude Oil (Petroleum) and the Oil Industry56
A Brief History of the Nature of Crude Oil 56
Crude Oil Production 58
Ocean Transportation of Crude Oil 61
Global Sea Transportation of Crude Oil 65
FIVE
Anatomy of an Oil Spill at Sea 70
The Nature of the Cargo Carried by Tankers 72
The Case for the U.S.A. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, OPA '90 76
Requirements for Longitudinal Strength, Plate Thickness, and Periodic Gauging for Certain Tank Vessels 83
Single-Hulls, Double-Hulls, and OPA '90 87
The European Union's Phase Out of Single-Hull Tankers 89
SIX
The Quest for the Environment Friendly Oil Tanker 95
Atmospheric Pollution by Ships 96
The Diesel Engine Onboard Ships99
Is the Climate Change a Threat to Shipping? 101
Atmospheric Pollution from Emissions 102
Establishment of HELMEPA 103
Fouling of the Underwater Hull Surface 104
Skin Friction and Antifouling Paints 106
Tanker Ballast Water Exchange and Its Effect on the Marine Ecosystem 107
The Global Ballast Water Management Programme 110
Ballast Water Management 113
Inert Gas 115
Crude Oil Washing of Cargo Tanks of Crude Oil Carriers 117
The Load on Top System (LOT) 119
SEVEN
The Double-Hull Saga and Hull Design Alternatives 124
Pollution of the Seas by Oil 125
The Double-Hull versus the Mid-Deck128
Life for Pre-MARPOL Single-Hull Tankers after Twenty-Five Years 129
New Global Timetable to Phase Out Single-Hull Oil Tankers 130
Alternative Designs to Double-Hull 131
The European Double-Hull VLCC "E3" 136
The Double-Hull Design and Early Concerns 138
A Safer, Maintenance Friendly Oil Tanker Design 140
The Double-Hull Tanker Structure 142
EIGHT
The Quest for the Robust Tanker Hull Structure 146
Longitudinal Framing of the Cargo Tank Body and the Tanker 148
Hull Design and the Hull Designer 150
Hull Stress Monitoring 152
Tanker Hull Design Engineering 153
Tanker Hull Structure156
Empirical Approach 157
The Cost and the Risk 158
Tanker Hull Strength and the U.S. Ship Structure Committee 160
The Tanker Hull Structure Designer 162
The Tanker Hull Structure 164
Hull Structure and Critical Waves 166
Hull Structural Failure 167
The Practical Aspect in the Design of Tanker Structure 169
Dynamic Loading and Strength170
The VLCC Energy Concentration 172
Closing Remarks on Tanker Hull Strength 173
Abnormal Sea Conditions 174
Sea-Keeping and Hull Motions 176
Abnormal Sea Waves 177
Global Wave Statistics 179
Definitions 180
NINE
QUEST FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT OIL TANKER185
The Underwater Hull Form 186
Electricity Generation to Meet the Tanker's Requirements 188
Fuel/Energy-Saving Devices 190
The Contra Rotating Propeller (CRP) 191
The Off-Center Propeller (NOPS) 192
Designing the Fuel-Efficient Tanker Hull 194
Viscous Resistance 196
The Bulb at the Bow and Stern 197
The Quest for Greater Propulsive Efficiency198
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 201
Propulsion Machinery for Oil Tankers 202
Diesel-Electric Propulsion 205
An Integrated Approach to Energy Saving on Board Crude Oil Carriers 206
Nuclear Energy and Commercial Ships 207
The Fast (Breeder) Reactor 209
Trends in Energy and Nuclear Power 212
The Supply of Nuclear Fuel 213
The Nuclear Industry's Dilemma 214
Nuclear Energy and the Shipping Industry 217
The Nuclear Ship Savannah 218
The Nuclear Ship Mutsu 220
Electromagnetic Propulsion 223
Wind-Assisted Propulsion 225
The Development of the "Fuel Cell" and Its Application to Ship Propulsion 227
The Principle of the "Fuel Cell" 228
Operation of the "Fuel Cell" 229
Composition of the "Fuel Cell" 230
How the "Fuel Cell" Works 231
The "Fuel Cell" Stack 232
Electricity Production by the "Fuel Cell" 233
Hydrogen 234
Characteristics of Hydrogen 234
Hydrogen's Physical Properties 234
The Problems Facing the Use of Hydrogen 235
Safety 235
Storage 235
Supply 236
Hydrogen and Economic Sense 236
The "Fuel Cell" System for Commercial Ship Propulsion 238
TEN
The Shipbuilding Industry 247
The Competitive Challenge for International Shipbuilding 247
Paint Application to New Structures 253
The European Shipbuilding Industry Today The Struggle for Survival 254
Global Shipyard Capacity and Shipyard Output 255
The Compensated Gross Tonnage (CGT)255
ELEVEN
The Use of Steel in Shipbuilding 261
The Higher Strength Steels 263
Steel Fatigue Analysis and Hull Design 269
Fatigue and Brittle Fracture 271
Steel Corrosion, Prevention, and the Corrosion Margin 273
Steel Surface Preparation 275
Preventing Corrosion 276
Corrosion Margin (Corrosion Allowance) 279
Cathodic Protection of Tanker Hull Structure 280
Electrolytic Descaling of Steel Structure 282
Electric Arc Welding in Shipbuilding 283
A Tanker's Operational Life 286
Life Extension 287
Tanker Hull Structural Failures 288
TWELVE
Ship Classification and the Classification Societies 291
Enter "IACS"International Association of Classification Societies 295
Unified Rules by IACS and Goal-Based Ship Construction Standards by IMO 299
IMO's Goal-Based Standards 301
Enter the International Standards Organization (ISO) 302
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) 303
Background Development of the IMO 303
The Flag State or State of Registry 307
The Port State 308
The International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) 309
THIRTEEN
Redundancy of Propulsion and Steering Equipment 313
FOURTEEN
Risk Assessment in Ship Design and Operation 316
The Management of Technical Risk 320
The Management of Business Risk 322
Tolerability of Risk/Permissible Risk 324
Epilogue 325
References 329
DUST JACKET INTRODUCTION
Dr. Andrew G. Spyrou believes maritime transportation is the key to effective global shipping, part of which is carrying petroleum by tanker. Enormous changes have taken place in tanker design and construction since World War II. Closure of the Suez Canal on two occasions-1956 and 1967provided the impetus to enlarge the tanker and to improve tanker performance and safety.
The tanker industry's efforts to design and construct today's modern oil tankers driven by scale, safety, and ecological concerns have led to ever larger tankers, and today's "Very Large" and "Ultra Large" Crude Oil Carriers represent the most complex mobile steel structures ever developed.
Dr. Spyrou discusses how the tanker industry strives to minimize vital ecological concerns including oil pollution of the seas, atmospheric pollution by propulsion-engine exhausts and contamination of the marine ecosystem, and the ultimate aim to use hydrogen instead of fossil fuels for propulsion.
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