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Electric Furnaces The Production Heat From Electrical Energy Construction 1908
Electric Furnaces The Production Of Heat From Electrical Energy And The Construction Of Electric Furnaces By Wilhelm Borchers
Hard Cover
Copyright 1908
224 pages indexed
Privy Councillor, Doctor Of Philosophy, Professor Of Metallurgy And
Director Of The Institute Of Mines And Electro-Metallurgy
At The Royal Technical College, Aachen
Translated By Henry G. Solomon, A.M.I.E.E.
Consulting Electrical Engineer Longmans, Green, And Co. 39 Paternoster Row, London New York, Bombay, And Calcutta 1908 All rights reserved
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
THE present volume is an English version of the second German edition of " Die elektrischen " by Dr. Borchers, the well-known authority on electro-metallurgy. The English edition has been brought up to date as far as possible by the inclusion of descriptions of two of the most recent and most successful electric steel furnaces used on the Continent. These descriptions were also kindly supplied by Dr. Borchers, and have been added in an appendix, as the information concerning the furnaces was only obtained after the work had been translated and printed.
The method of treatment and classification of electric furnaces adopted is from the point of view of the heating system on which their action is based, and their development and application are examined in an authoritative and critical manner.
As close a translation of the original as possible has been adhered to, and the English equivalents of the metrical measurements given in the text have been added, together with extra references to English patents, the latter being enclosed in square brackets. For the purpose of an English book the subject-matter has been further arranged under suitable headings in chapters corresponding with the main sections of the German original, without, however, altering the sequence.
The recent rapid development, notably abroad, of the electric furnace is sufficient proof of the important part it is playing, and is destined to play in a still greater degree in the near future, in connection with all classes of metallurgical operations. Mention need only be made of the application of electric furnaces in the electro-metallurgy of steel and iron on the Continent, in America, and in Canada, in the aluminium industry in this country and abroad, and in the manufacture of the alkali metals, etc. By the aid of electric furnaces it should be possible to develop new industries, and in districts hitherto unsuitable for electrical enterprise, especially where the raw materials are readily obtainable for the production of the substance desired, and current can be cheaply generated and supplied, as by the utilisation of waste furnace gases and overhead transmission.
H. G. SOLOMON.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS OF HEATING
PAGE
Conversion of Electrical Energy into Heat-Joule's Law-Degree of Heat in Different Conductors-Choice of Resistance Materials-Definitions of Resistance and Arc Heating-Heating Methods
CHAPTER II
DIRECT RESISTANCE HEATING
FURNACES IN WHICH THE SUBSTANCE TO BE HEATED ITSELF
FORMS THE HEATING RESISTANCE
Davy's Experiment-Pepys' Experiment-The Cowles Zinc Furnace-The Cowles Furnaces for Aluminium Alloys--The HAluminium Furnace
-Borchers' Aluminium Furnace-The Minet Aluminium Furnace-The HFurnace-The Hall Furnace of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company
-Bradley's Patents-Furnaces of the HWorks-The HFurnaces of the British Aluminium Company-The Urbanitzky and Feliner Aluminium Furnace-Resistance Furnaces for the Extraction and Refining of Iron-The de Laval Steel Furnace-The Taussig Steel FurnaceWikstrSteel Furnace-Gin's Furnace-Borchers' Furnace-Carbide Furnace of the Socides Carbures MFurnace -Carbide Furnace of the Compagnie Electro-Metallurgique des ProcGin & I.eleux-The Extraction of the Alkali Metals-The Castner Alkali Furnace-The Castner-Becker Furnace-Borchers' Furnaces for Alkali and Earth Alkali Metals-Calcium Furnace of the Elektrochemische Werke Bitterfeld-Borchers' Strontium Furnace-Vincent's Furnace-Keneval's Furnace-The Roberts Furnace-Maxim's Furnace-The Hewes Furnaces
-Furnace of Koller and Schuckert & Co.-Furnace of A. H. Cowles. Induction Furnaces-The Ferranti Induction Furnace-The Kjellin Induction Furnaces-Frick's Induction Furnace-Hjorth's Induction FurnaceSchneider's Induction Furnace
CHAPTER III
INDIRECT RESISTANCE HEATING
FURNACES IN WHICH THE SUBSTANCE TO BE HEATED IS IN CONTACT
WITH AN ELECTRICALLY HEATED SUBSTANCE
Introduction-Borchers' Furnace for Indirect Heating-Acheson's Carborundum Furnace-Acheson's Graphite Furnace-Price's Graphite Furnace-Tone's Silicon Furnace-Elihu Thomson's Furnace-The Crompton and Dowsing Furnace-Hasslacher's Furnace-The King and Wyatt Furnace -Maxim's Furnaces-The Patten Furnaces-Acheson's Core-protected Furnace-Fitzgerald's Furnace-Closed Electrical Furnaces-Borchers Laboratory Furnace-The Howe Furnace-The HerCrucible Furnaces -Borchers' Granulated Carbon Crucible Furnace-The Rossi Furnace-Heating with Granulated Material-" Kryptol "-" Kryptol " Furnaces" Kryptol " Furnace of Borchers and Glaser-Ilesse's Furnace-Borchers' Carbon Crucible " Kryptol " Furnace
CHAPTER IV
DIRECT ARC HEATING
FURNACES IN WHICH THE SUBSTANCE TO BE HEATED FORMS
ONE OR BOTH POLES OF AN ARC
The Davy Arc Furnace-The Despretz Arc Furnace-The Siemens Arc Furnace-Borchers' Direct Arc Furnace-The 300-Ampere Arc Furnace of the Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt-The Arc Furnaces of Thwaite and Allen-The I000-Ampere Arc Furnace of the Deutsche Gold- and Silber-Scheideanstalt-Slavianoff's Arc Furnace-The Arc Furnace of GFurnaces of Whitney and Strong-The Willson Furnace-Energy Consumption in Calcium Carbide Manufacture-Arc Furnace of the Willson Aluminium Company-Arc Furnace of the Socides Carbures MArc Furnace-Clarke's Arc Furnace-Morehead's Arc Furnace--Rathenau's Furnace-The King and Wyatt Arc Furnaces-The Furnace of Bresson and Pacotte-Rotary Appliances in Carbide Manufacture-The Arc Furnaces of Heath and Clarke-The Siemens and Halske Arc Furnaces-Bradley's Arc Furnaces-The Arc Furnace of Nicolai-The Arc Furnace of Wehner and Kandler-Berthelot's Acetylene Arc Furnace-Menge's Arc Furnace-The Arc Furnace of Eldridge, Wright and Clark-The Arc Furnace of Poulenc and Meslans -Borchers' Sealed Arc Furnace-Phosphorus Arc Furnaces of Readman, Parker, and the Electric Construction Corpn.-The Liebmann Distillation Arc Furnace of the Deutsche Gold- and Silber-Scheideanstalt . . .
CHAPTER V
COMBINED RESISTANCE AND DIRECT ARC HEATING
Introduction-The Resistance-Arc Furnaces of L. Clerc-The Resistance-Arc Furnace of the Socides Carbures MDrum Furnace -Patin's Resistance-Arc Furnace-Memmo's Furnace-Price's Resistance-Arc Furnace-Borchers' Resistance-Arc Furnace-Keller's Resistance-Arc Furnace-The HIron Furnace
CHAPTER VI
INDIRECT ARC HEATING
FURNACES IN WHICH THE SUBSTANCE TO BE HEATED IS IN A
SPACE HEATED BY INDEPENDENT ARCS:
ELECTRIC RADIATION FURNACES
Introduction-Pichos Indirect Are Furnace-The Indirect Arc Furnace of Ch. W. Siemens-Indirect Arc Furnace of Rogerson, Statter and Stevenson -The Moissan Furnace-Furnaces of Moissan and Chaplet-Furnace of Ducretet and Lejeune-Zerener's Arc Soldering Apparatus-The Indirect Arc Furnace of W. Schuen-The Zinc Furnace of the TrollhElektriska Kraftaktiebolag-Patin's Indirect Are Furnace-Indirect Arc Furnace of Girard and Street-The Roberts Furnace-The Bertolus Multiphase Current Arc Furnaces-Bresson's Furnace-The Hopkins Furnace-Contardo's Furnace-Von Seemen's Furnace-The Arc Furnaces of Stassano-The Mercury Vapour Lamp-The HerMercury Vapour Lamp
CHAPTER VII
FURNACES ARRANGED FOR DIFFERENT MODES
OF HEATING
Borchers' Experimental Furnaces
CHAPTER VIII
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRIC FURNACES
General Remarks-Electrodes-Terminal Connections-Carbon Electrodes of Urbanitzky and Fellner-Cowles' Carbon Electrodes-Acheson's Carbon Electrodes-Carbon Electrodes of the Willson Aluminium Company-Terminal Connections of the Socides Carbures Mand of Keller, Leleux & Co.-HCarbon Electrode Holders-Mayer's Carbon Slab Electrode-Schindler's Cooled Electrode Holders and Terminal Connections-Cooling Devices of Urbanitzky-Cooling Devices of de Chalmot-Cooling Device of Urbanitzky and Fellner-Patin's Cooled Electrode Holders-Morehead's Electrode Holder-Electrode Holders of Price, Cox and Marshall-Dimensions of Carbon Electrodes-Weight of Carbons-Electrode Fittings (Connections)-Smallest Permissible Cross-sections of Copper with Increasing Currents-The Charge as Material for Furnace Construction
CHAPTER IX
THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC FURNACES
Advantages-Resistance Heating-Arc Heating-Superiority of the Electric Furnace 206
CHAPTER X
FURNACE OUTPUTS
The Aluminium Industry-Manufacture of Carborundum-Manufacture of Calcium Carbide-Steel Manufacture-Relative Use of Direct and Alternating Current
APPENDIX
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STEEL FURNACES
The Girod Steel Furnace-Induction Furnace of R. . 215
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