Crossings The Great Transatlantic Migrations 1870-1914 by Walter Nugent SC 1992

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First Paperback Edition 1995

Soft Cover

234 Pages

Indexed

Sometime in the mid-1970s I read Fernand Braudel's The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II and was appropriately stunned.' I compare the encounter to my first hearing of Mahler's First Symphony, by the Chicago Symphony under Bruno Walter in 1959, and to turning a corner at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1952 and suddenly confronting Pi-casso's Guernica. Encountering Braudel, however, takes days rather than moments; and, moreover, his art is in prose, which I can work in. The idea dawned on me, as someone who had written about the late nineteenth century, that if, as Braudel demonstrated, the Mediterranean was the brilliant center of the late sixteenth-century world, surely the Atlantic was the center of the late nineteenth, and the Atlantic in the 1880s the most remarkable time and place of all. Why not, then, a book in the Braudelian mode on the transatlantic world of the 1880s? Why not a book that treated Europe, North America, South America, and Africa as a regional unity, sharing demographic characteristics, an unprece-dentedly large migration, domestic and public architecture and city planning, nineteenth-century liberal ideas about political economy, immense frontiers of settlement and exploitation, and hubristic imperialism?

Alas, the 1980s have come and gone, and my book on the rich world of the 1880s remains unwritten, and will remain so. What would have been the final section, on why Europeans and their descendants successfully settled New World frontiers yet ultimately lost the empires they were so busy building in the 1880s, is glimpsed at in a recently published essay.2 What would have been the first two chapters, on "natural demography" (fertility and mortality) and on migration in the Atlantic region, have become this book. Suggestions, but only that, of the economic side of the rich world of the 1880s are included; they remain to be explored, and in terms more definite and clear than simply "modernization." Here, at any rate, is the demographic mosaic of the transatlantic region from 1870 to 1914. My apologies to the spirit of Braudel for not accomplishing more.

Contents

ILLUSTRATIONSFollowing page 72

LIST OF MAPSix

LIST OF TABLESx i

PREFACExv

Part I: The Atlantic Region and Its Population

1. What This Book Is About3

2. The Atlantic Region in the Late Nineteenth Century11

3. Fertility and Mortality19

4. Migration: General Patterns and Motives27

Part II: The European Donors

Introduction41

5. Britain (England-Wales and Scotland)44

6. Ireland49

7. Scandinavia55

8. The German Empire63

9. Austria-Hungary and Russia, Jews and Poles83

10. Italy95

11. Spain and Portugal101

Part III: The American Receivers

Introduction111

12. Argentina112

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